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szlachta | A Wisdom Archive on szlachta | | szlachta A selection of articles related to szlachta | |
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szlachta, Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Religious beliefs, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, History of Poland, List of <i>szlachta</i>, Legitimization of szlachta in Congress Poland (<i>legitymacja szlachectwa</i>), Warsaw Confederation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO szlachta | | | |  szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officesThe most important official was the starosta (mayor). He was supported by a borough deputy-starosta (podstarości grodowy), burgrave (burgrabia), notary (notariusz) and clerk (pisarz). The borough deputy-starosta assisted the starosta and in his absence acted in his name with all his powers. Lower city officials were the borough rejent (rejent grodzki), borough notary (notariusz grodzki), ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices These offices were very stable, having evolved about the 13th century and lasting almost unchanged to the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The administrative system had come from Germany together with Magdeburg law.
Every city (without exception) had a Council and a Bench, the Council being the administrative branch and the Bench the judicial branch. A new Council was chosen by the old one whose term had expired. The Council was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild oversight, and the lik ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices The highest military officials were the Hetmans. As with most offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "hetman" was a job for life and its holder could not be removed even if he was a poor commander. Until the beginning of the 18th century, hetmans were not paid for their services.
Hetmans were very independent; they could maintain their own foreign contacts with the Ottoman Empire, Russia and the Tatars. They allocated their military budgets as they saw fit. As the highest military commanders and administrators, hetmans made administrative and juridical law concerning ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices Official court posts are the most difficult to describe. Some court officials held responsibilities important to both the court and the country; the functions of others evolved over the centuries. In time (generally by the end of the 17th century), the titles of most had become merely honorary, and the King had to create another set of officials to deal with those responsibilities.
Court officials may be divided into those who served the King, and those who ensured the smooth running of his court (in the 16th century, comprising some ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Cossack organization In early times, Cossack tribes were commanded by an ataman (later called hetman). He was elected by the tribe members at a Cossack rada, as were the other important tribe officials: the judge, the scribe, the lesser officials, and even the clergy. The ataman's symbol of power was a ceremonial mace, called bulava.
The ataman had executive powers and at time of war he was the supreme commander in the field. Legislative power was given to the Tribal Assembly (Rada). The senior officers were called starshyna. In the absence of written laws, the Cossacks were governed by the ...
See also:Cossack, Cossack - History, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Cossack Settlements, Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire, Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution, Cossack - Cossack organization, Cossack - Cossacks and religion, Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks, Cossack - Terminology, Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Tatar Cossacks Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - Cossack organization |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Poland - Politics Poland is a democratic republic. Its current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house (the Sejm). The president, elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the head of state. The current president is Lech Kaczyński.
Polish voters elect a two house parliament, consisting of a 460 m ...
See also:Poland, Poland - Name, Poland - History, Poland - Politics, Poland - Geography, Poland - Principal Cities, Poland - Administrative division, Poland - Economy, Poland - Science technology and education, Poland - Telecommunication and IT, Poland - Transportation, Poland - Tourism and holidays, Poland - Demographics, Poland - Culture, Poland - UNESCO World Heritage in Poland, Poland - International rankings Read more here: » Poland: Encyclopedia II - Poland - Politics |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices As the name suggests, non-Senat-related officials were not entitled to a vote in the Senat.
The most important such officials were the Great Secretaries (singular: sekretarz wielki), Crown and Lithuanian. Only a man of the cloth could be a Great Secretary. These functionaries were considered more consequential than any district or court official, with the exception of the Court Marshal. They could act as Chancellors when no Chancellor was in attendance. They dealt with secret letters; in Senat they read out letters of the King's and r ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - Ireland Many surnames in Ireland of Gaelic origin derive from ancestor's names; nicknames; or descriptive names. In the first group can be placed surnames such as Mac Murrough, Mac Carthy (derived from father's names) or O'Brien, O'Toole (ancestral names).
Gaelic surnames derived from nicknames include O'Doherty (from "dochartaigh", 'destroyer' or obtrusive), Garvery ("garbh", rough or nasty), Manton ("mantach", toothless), Bane ("b ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - Ireland |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - French-speaking countries French-speaking countries have many similarities to English-speaking ones in the way family names are used. In France and the Canadian province of Quebec, name change upon marriage is no longer automatic. Those who wish to change their name upon marriage must follow the same legal procedure as would be used under any other circumstance.
In France, until January 1, 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. From this date, article 311-21 of the French Civil code permits parents to give their children eithe ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - French-speaking countries |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture The Commonwealth was one of the important European sites for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its unique quasi-democratic political system praised by philosophers such as Erasmus, was known for a near-unparallelled religious tolerance during the Counter-Reformation, hence the numerosity of peacefuly coexisting Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and even Muslim communities. It gave rise to the famous Christian sect of Polish Bre ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - Scandinavia In Scandinavia family names often, but certainly not always, originate from a patronymic. In Sweden, the patronymic ending is -sson, e.g. Karlsson ("Karl's son"). In Denmark and Norway, the corresponding ending is -sen, as in Karlsen. Names ending with dotter/datter (daughter), such as Olofsdotter, are rare but occurring, and only applies to females. Today, the patronymic names are passed on similarly to family names in other Western countries, and a person's father doesn't have to be called ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - Scandinavia |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - The Philippines Until the middle of the 19th century, there was no standardization of surnames in the Philippines. There were native Filipinos without surnames, others whose surnames deliberately did not match that of their families, as well as those who took certain surnames simply because they had a certain prestige, usually ones dealing with the Roman Catholic religion, such as de los Santos and de la Cruz.
In 1849, the Spanish governor Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa decreed an end to these arbitrary practices, the result of which was t ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - The Philippines |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, with smaller pieces in Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova.
While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole — the Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts:
the Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown"; a ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Outside Influence Polish has been influenced by contact with foreign languages (foremost Latin, Czech, French, German, Italian, Old Belarusian, Russian and recently it has been virtually bombarded by English, especially American English language elements).
Many words have been borrowed from German as a result of heavy contact with Germans and the German language. This process has been going on since medieval times. Examples include szlachta (from German Adelsgeschlecht=nobility), rachunek (Rechnung=account), ratusz (Rathaus=town hall), burmistrz (Bürg ...
See also:Polish language, Polish language - Outside Influence, Polish language - Classification, Polish language - Geographic distribution, Polish language - Dialects, Polish language - Phonology, Polish language - Orthography, Polish language - Grammar, Polish language - Word order, Polish language - Conjugation, Polish language - Vocabulary, Polish language - Notes Read more here: » Polish language: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Outside Influence |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Numerous historical documents of that period contain refer to the cossacks as sovereign nations with a unique warrior culture, for which raids and pillaging conducted against their neighbours were important sources of income. They were renowned for their attacks on the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (like the Tatars), although they did not shy from pillaging other neighbouring communities. Their actions increased the tension at the southern border of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Kresy), which resulted in almost constant low-l ...
See also:History of the Cossacks, History of the Cossacks - Early Cossack history, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of the Cossacks - Ukraine and Muscovy, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Imperial Russia, History of the Cossacks - The Russian Revolution and Cossacks, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in World War II, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Russia today, History of the Cossacks - External articles Read more here: » History of the Cossacks: Encyclopedia II - History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Orthography
The Polish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet but uses diacritics such as kreska (graphically similar to acute accent), superior dot and ogonek.
Polish orthography also includes seven digraphs:
Note that although the Polish orthography is mostly phonetic, some sounds may be written in more than one way:
[x] as either h or ch
[ʐ] as either ż or rz (thou ...
See also:Polish language, Polish language - Outside Influence, Polish language - Classification, Polish language - Geographic distribution, Polish language - Dialects, Polish language - Phonology, Polish language - Orthography, Polish language - Grammar, Polish language - Word order, Polish language - Conjugation, Polish language - Vocabulary, Polish language - Notes Read more here: » Polish language: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Orthography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Dialects It has several dialects that correspond in the main to the old tribal divisions; the most significant of these (in terms of numbers of speakers) are Great Polish (spoken in the west), Little Polish (spoken in the south and southeast), Mazovian (Mazur) spoken throughout the centre and east of the country, and Silesian spoken in the southwest. Mazovian shares some features with the Kashubian language, whose remaining speakers (53.000, according to 2002 Census) live around the city of Gdańsk near the Baltic Sea, predominantly to the west of the city. There are also several, now mostly extinct, regional diale ...
See also:Polish language, Polish language - Outside Influence, Polish language - Classification, Polish language - Geographic distribution, Polish language - Dialects, Polish language - Phonology, Polish language - Orthography, Polish language - Grammar, Polish language - Word order, Polish language - Conjugation, Polish language - Vocabulary, Polish language - Notes Read more here: » Polish language: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Dialects |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Geographic distribution Polish is mainly spoken in Poland. In fact, Poland is one of the most homogenous European countries in terms of its mother tongue, as close to 97% of Polish citizens declare Polish as their mother tongue. After the Second World War the previously Polish territories annexed by the USSR retained a large amount of the Polish population that was unwilling or unable to migrate toward the post-1945 Poland and even today ethnic Poles in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine constitute large minorities. In Lithuania 9 percent of the population declared Po ...
See also:Polish language, Polish language - Outside Influence, Polish language - Classification, Polish language - Geographic distribution, Polish language - Dialects, Polish language - Phonology, Polish language - Orthography, Polish language - Grammar, Polish language - Word order, Polish language - Conjugation, Polish language - Vocabulary, Polish language - Notes Read more here: » Polish language: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Geographic distribution |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today 1945–1948 Post-Holocaust refugee crisis. British detain many Jews making aliyah to Palestine in detention camps.
1946–1948 The struggle for the creation of a Jewish state in the British mandate of Palestine is resumed by Jewish underground movements: Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi (group).
1947 November 29 The United Nations approves the creation of a Jewish State and an Arab state in the British mandate of Palestine.
1948 May 14 The State of Israel declares itself as an independent nation. Andrei Gromyko, the Soviet Union's UN ambassador, calls for ...
See also:Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history, Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history, Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE, Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500, Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800, Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900, Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945, Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role Although Khmelnytsky's personal resentment influenced his decision to rid Ukraine of Polish and Ruthenian magnates and Jews, it seems that his ambition to become the ruler of Ukraine was the main motive that led him to instigate an uprising of the Ruthenian people against them, known after him as the Chmielnicki Uprising.
Within a few months, almost all Polish nobles, officials, and priests had been wiped out or driven from Ukraine. Jewish losses were especially heavy because they were the most numerous and accessible representatives ...
See also:Khmelnytskyi Uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising, Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The aftermath Read more here: » Khmelnytskyi Uprising: Encyclopedia II - Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role |
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