The Coats of Arms are listed under their most popular name, which is followed by their alternate names in brackets. List of Polish Coats of Arms - A. Abdank (Awdaniec, Białkotka, Hadbank, Łękawa, Skuba) Achinger (Aichinger, Ajchigier) Agryppa Aksak Alabanda (Alba-luna, Bielina, Koniowaszyja) Amadej (Amadejowa, Hemadejowa, Orłek bez ogona)    (top) See also:

List of Polish Coats of Arms, List of Polish Coats of Arms - List, List of Polish Coats of Arms - A, List of Polish Coats of Arms - B, List of Polish Coats of Arms - C, List of Polish Coats of Arms - D, List of Polish Coats of Arms - G, List of Polish Coats of Arms - H, List of Polish Coats of Arms - J, List of Polish Coats of Arms - K, List of Polish Coats of Arms - L, List of Polish Coats of Arms - Ł, List of Polish Coats of Arms - M, List of Polish Coats of Arms - N, List of Polish Coats of Arms - O, List of Polish Coats of Arms - P, List of Polish Coats of Arms - R, List of Polish Coats of Arms - S, List of Polish Coats of Arms - Ś, List of Polish Coats of Arms - T, List of Polish Coats of Arms - W, List of Polish Coats of Arms - Z

Read more here: » List of Polish Coats of Arms: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish Coats of Arms - List

Commonwealth - Great Britain. The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his successors from 1649 to 1660. It formed the first republic in the English-speaking world, though this quickly devolved into a pseudo-monarchy. The Cromwellian Commonwealth is sometimes referred to as the Old Commonwealth in a British context. < ...

See also:

Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics, Commonwealth - International or Multinational, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth - National, Commonwealth - Great Britain, Commonwealth - Australia, Commonwealth - Dominica, Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland, Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth, Commonwealth - Subnational, Commonwealth - United States, Commonwealth - Fictional

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Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bogdan Khmel'nitsky) (c. 1595 – August 6, 1657) was a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth noble of Polish or Ruthenian origin, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine, noted for his revolt against Poland (1648 – 1654) and the Treaty of Pereyaslavl which even ...

Including:

• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction
• Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link

Read more here: » Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Encyclopedia - Bohdan Khmelnytsky

August II the Strong (Polish: August II Mocny; German: August II der Starke; May 12, 1670 – February 1, 1733) was Elector of Saxony (where he was known as Frederick Augustus I) 1694-1733, and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1697-1706 and again 1709-1733. He embroiled the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the disastrous Great Northern War. His attempts at internal reforms and at bolstering the royal power came to naught, while his mistakes allowed the Russia ...

Including:

• August II the Strong - Royal titles
• August II the Strong - Biography

Read more here: » August II the Strong: Encyclopedia - August II the Strong

Bukovina (see the the list of alternative names for the name in different languages) is the territory on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. It is currently split between Romania and Ukraine. Bukovina - Name. The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation to the Austrian Habsburg possessions, later known as the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. The name has a Slavic origin and is derived from the word for beech tree ...

Including:

• Bukovina - Name
• Bukovina - History
• Bukovina - Demographic history
• Bukovina - Current population
• Bukovina - Cities and towns
• Bukovina - Northern Bukovina
• Bukovina - Southern Bukovina
• Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia - Bukovina

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon. Anti-Semitism has historically taken different forms: Religious anti-Semitism, or anti-Judaism. Before the 19th century, most anti-Semitism was primarily religious in nature, based on Christian or ...

Including:

• Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage
• Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term
• Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament
• Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages
• Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions
• Anti-Semitism - The Crusades
• Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism
• Anti-Semitism - Passion plays
• Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair
• Anti-Semitism - Pogroms
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation
• Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries
• Anti-Semitism - United States
• Anti-Semitism - Europe
• Anti-Semitism - Asia
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism
• Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-Semitism

Kazimierz III the Great (Polish: Kazimierz Wielki; 1310 – 1370), King of Poland, was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Gniezno and Great Poland. Kazimierz III the Great - Biography. Casimir the Great married firstly Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the prince of Lithuania, Gediminas. Their daughters were Cunigunda (d 1357), who was married to Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Elisabeth, who was married to Duke Bogisla ...

Including:

• Kazimierz III the Great - Biography
• Kazimierz III the Great - The Great King
• Kazimierz III the Great - Concession to szlachta
• Kazimierz III the Great - Relationship with Polish Jews

Read more here: » Kazimierz III the Great: Encyclopedia - Kazimierz III the Great

Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) was one of the most well-known Polish poets and writers, considered the greatest Polish poet besides Zygmunt Krasiński and Juliusz Słowacki. He is also considered one of the greatest poets of Eastern Europe. Adam Mickiewicz - Biography. Mickiewicz was born in the Zavosse manor of his uncle near Nowogródek (Lithuanian: Naugardukas, Belarusian: Наваградак, Russian: Новогрудок) of the Russian Empire (former Grand Duchy of ...

Including:

• Adam Mickiewicz - Biography
• Adam Mickiewicz - Works
• Adam Mickiewicz - Nationality
• Adam Mickiewicz - Related reading:
• Adam Mickiewicz - Gallery of Adam Mickiewicz monuments

Read more here: » Adam Mickiewicz: Encyclopedia - Adam Mickiewicz

Khmelnytskyi Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion) is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of its territory to the Russian Empire, but was weakened at the moment of invasion by Sweden: The Deluge. Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background. For centuries after the creation ...

Including:

• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The aftermath

Read more here: » Khmelnytskyi Uprising: Encyclopedia - Khmelnytskyi Uprising

For the ghost town in Western Australia, see Cossack, Western Australia. Cossack is the common name that has been independently shared by several population groups and military units throughout the history of Eastern Europe and some adjacent territories. The most prominent and numerous are the Ukrainian Cossacks (Козаки) and the Russian Cossacks (Казаки) of the Don, Terek and Ural regions. Russian Cossacks were considerably involved in the colonizing of Siberia. In the middle of the 17th century ...

Including:

• Cossack - History
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Cossack Settlements
• Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire
• Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution
• Cossack - Cossack organization
• Cossack - Cossacks and religion
• Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks
• Cossack - Terminology
• Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Tatar Cossacks

Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia - Cossack

Crown land is a designated land belonging to the Crown, the equivalent of an entailed estate that passed with the monarchy and could not be alienated from it. In the United Kingdom and its predecessors, the hereditary revenues of Crown lands were a feature until at the start of the reign of George III when the Crown Estate was surrendered to Parliament in return for a fixed civil list payment - the monarch retains the income from the Duchy of Lancaster. The conception of Crown land in Canada and Australia has developed parall ...

Including:

• Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors
• Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman
• Crown land - England Britain UK
• Crown land - Crown Estate
• Crown land - The British Commonwealth
• Crown land - Tasmanian Crown Lands Act 1976
• Crown land - Canada
• Crown land - Austro-Hungary
• Crown land - Poland
• Crown land - Reference
• Crown land - External link

Read more here: » Crown land: Encyclopedia - Crown land

The term upper class refers to a group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. Often members of an upper class do not have to work for a living as they are supported by earned or inherited investments. Members of an upper class often have power over other people as employers or landlords, or sometimes as members of a government. The term "upper class" has had a complex range of meanings and usages, and in the 21st century many people are uncomfortable with it as a term and as a concept. In many traditional societies, member ...

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Mead is a fermented alcoholic beverage made of honey, water, and yeast. It is generally pronounced "meed" (IPA: /miːd/), though South Africans usually pronounce it "med", to rhyme with "red" (IPA: /mɛd/). Meadhing (pronounced meth' ing) is the practice of brewing honey. Mead is also known as "honey wine," although this is inaccurate. Mead is a separate and distinct family of alcoholic beverages, completely apart from ...

Including:

• Mead - History of mead
• Mead - Varieties of mead
• Mead - Brands
• Mead - Reference

Read more here: » Mead: Encyclopedia - Mead

The Warsaw Confederation (January 28, 1573), an important development in the history of Poland, is considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland. While it did not prevent all conflict based on religion, it did make the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a much safer and more tolerant place than most of contemporaneous Europe, especially during the subsequent Thirty Years' War. Religious tolerance in Poland had had a long tradition and had been de facto policy in the reign of the recently deceased King Zygmun ...

Including:

• Warsaw Confederation - Reference

Read more here: » Warsaw Confederation: Encyclopedia - Warsaw Confederation

The Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791 (Polish: Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja) is claimed to be Europe's first modern codified national constitution as well as the second oldest constitution in the world. It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) adopted on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. The Constitution introduced political equ ...

Including:

• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features
• Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

Read more here: » Polish Constitution of May 3 1791: Encyclopedia - Polish Constitution of May 3 1791

Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city but now usually a state) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i.e., be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state; for example, a citizen of a Commonwealth country resident in the Un ...

Including:

• Citizenship - Subnational citizenship
• Citizenship - Supranational citizenship
• Citizenship - European Union EU citizenship
• Citizenship - Commonwealth citizenship
• Citizenship - Honorary citizenship
• Citizenship - Historical citizenship

Read more here: » Citizenship: Encyclopedia - Citizenship

Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (KEN, Polish: "Commission of National Education," a kind of National Board of Education) was the central educational authority in Poland, created by the Sejm and king Stanisław August Poniatowski on October 14, 1773. Because of its vast authority and autonomy, it is considered the first ministry of education in history. The basic reason for creation of the commission was that in Poland education was almost entirely controlled by the Jesuits. Although the Jesuit schools were fairly efficient an ...

Including:

• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - History
• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - The Beginning
• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - Early period 1773-1780
• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - Second phase 1781-1788
• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - Third phase 1788-1794
• Komisja Edukacji Narodowej - Effects

Read more here: » Komisja Edukacji Narodowej: Encyclopedia - Komisja Edukacji Narodowej

The original phrase "common wealth" or "the common weal" is a calque translation of the Latin term res publica ('public matters'), from which the word republic comes, which was itself used as a synonym for the greek politeia as well as for the republican (i.e. non-monarchical) Roman constitution (in legal theory still in force during the empire, see Principate). The English noun Commonwealth dates originally from the fifteenth century and in different contexts indicates: a political unit ...

Including:

• Commonwealth - Definition and linguistics
• Commonwealth - International or Multinational
• Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Nations
• Commonwealth - Commonwealth of Independent States
• Commonwealth - National
• Commonwealth - Great Britain
• Commonwealth - Australia
• Commonwealth - Dominica
• Commonwealth - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Commonwealth of Poland
• Commonwealth - Other states that use the name Commonwealth
• Commonwealth - Subnational
• Commonwealth - United States
• Commonwealth - Fictional

Read more here: » Commonwealth: Encyclopedia - Commonwealth

Zygmunt I the Old (Polish: Zygmunt I Stary; 1467 – 1548), fifth ruler of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland from 1506 to his death in 1548. Before Zygmunt I reigned as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1505 – 1548), he had already been invested as Duke of Silesia. The son of king Casimir IV of Poland and Elizabeth of Austria, Sigismund followed his brothers John Albert and Alexander on the Polish throne. Their eldest brother Wladislaus became the king of Hungary and Bohemia. He was christened as namesake of his mother's matern ...

Read more here: » Zygmunt I the Old: Encyclopedia - Zygmunt I the Old