Mammal Taxonomy is an internet database of mammals. The classification Mammal Taxonomy uses is notable in that it's apparently the first essentially molecular classification which includes fossil groups. Class Mammalia Genus Tribactonodon† Genus Tikitherium† Genus Adelobasileus† Genus Hadrocodium† Genus Nakunodon† Genus Amphidon† Family Chronoperatidae† Family Woutersiidae† Family Frui ...

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Mammal classification, Mammal classification - Molecular classification of mammals, Mammal classification - Group I: Afrotheria, Mammal classification - Group II: Xenarthra, Mammal classification - Clade Boreoeutheria, Mammal classification - Standardized textbook classification, Mammal classification - Subclass Prototheria, Mammal classification - Subclass Theria, Mammal classification - McKenna/Bell classification, Mammal classification - Subclass Prototheria, Mammal classification - Subclass Theriiformes, Mammal classification - Mammal Taxonomy classification, Mammal classification - Subclass Allotheria†, Mammal classification - Subclass Australosphenida, Mammal classification - Subclass Theriiformes, Mammal classification - Classification system used in related articles, Mammal classification - Subclass/Order Monotremata, Mammal classification - Subclass Marsupialia, Mammal classification - Subclass Placentalia

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Typically, a cladistic analysis begins by collecting information on certain features of all the organisms in question. Features may come in different versions (e.g. feather-color may be blue in one species but red in another). These features are collectively called characters, and specific versions are called character states. Thus, "red feathers" and "blue feathers" are two character states of the character "feather-color." After recording several character states, the researcher decides which ones were present befor ...

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Cladistics, Cladistics - Definitions, Cladistics - Cladistic methods, Cladistics - Cladistic classification

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Archaea are similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism. However, their genetic transcription and translation — the two central processes in molecular biology — do not show the typical bacterial features, but are extremely similar to those of eukaryotes. For instance, archaean translation uses eukaryotic initiation and elongation factors, and their transcription ...

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Archaea, Archaea - History, Archaea - Archaea Bacteria and Eukaryotes, Archaea - Habitats, Archaea - Form, Archaea - Evolution and classification

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Main article: Scientific classification Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of animals and their distribution in space and time. (1) The museum-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers and modern naturalist travellers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeontologists are the chief varieties of zoological worke ...

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Zoology, Zoology - History of zoology, Zoology - Branches of biology relevant to zoology, Zoology - Systems of classification, Zoology - Notable zoologists

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Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics. Nevertheless, the biological sciences are characterized and unified by several major underlying principles and concepts: universality, evolution, diversity, continuity, genetics, homeostasis, and interactions. Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genet ...

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

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As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification (taxonomy), structure (anatomy), or function (physiology) of plant life. Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be animals. Some of these "plant-like" organisms include fungi (studied in ...

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Botany, Botany - Scope and importance of botany, Botany - Feed the world, Botany - Understand fundamental life processes, Botany - Utilise medicine and materials, Botany - Understand environmental changes, Botany - History, Botany - Early botany before 1945, Botany - Modern botany since 1945

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Archaea are similar to other prokaryotes in most aspects of cell structure and metabolism. However, their genetic transcription and translation — the two central processes in molecular biology — do not show the typical bacterial features, but are extremely similar to those of eukaryotes. For instance, archaean translation uses eukaryotic initiation and elongation factors, and their transcriptio ...

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Archaea, Archaea - History, Archaea - Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes, Archaea - Habitats, Archaea - Form, Archaea - Evolution and classification

Read more here: » Archaea: Encyclopedia II - Archaea - Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes

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The word 'tsetse' comes from Tswana, a language of southern Africa, and, in that language, the word means fly[6]. Because of this meaning, the phrase 'tsetse fly' is redundant. This is an example of "incomplete incorporation". Recently 'tsetse' without the 'fly' has become more common in English, particularly in the scientific and development communities. Because most people outside of Africa learn the word later in life through formal means, e.g. books and documentaries, the use of ts ...

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Tsetse fly, Tsetse fly - Tsetse biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse morphology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse anatomy, Tsetse fly - The tsetse life cycle, Tsetse fly - Tsetse metabolism, Tsetse fly - General biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse systematics, Tsetse fly - Tsetse species, Tsetse fly - Tsetse as vectors of trypanosomiasis, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored human trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored animal trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control techniques, Tsetse fly - Etymology, Tsetse fly - Resources, Tsetse fly - Books, Tsetse fly - External links, Tsetse fly - Google picture search

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Tsetse control has been undertaken in order to reduce the incidence of the diseases which the flies transmit. Two alternative strategies have been used in the attempts to reduce the African trypanosomiases. One tactic is primarily medical or veterinary and targets the disease directly using monitoring, prophylaxis, treatment, and surveillance to reduce the number of organisms which carry the disease. The second strategy is generally entomological and intends to disrupt the cycle of ...

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Tsetse fly, Tsetse fly - Tsetse biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse morphology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse anatomy, Tsetse fly - The tsetse life cycle, Tsetse fly - Tsetse metabolism, Tsetse fly - General biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse systematics, Tsetse fly - Tsetse species, Tsetse fly - Tsetse as vectors of trypanosomiasis, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored human trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored animal trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control techniques, Tsetse fly - Etymology, Tsetse fly - Resources, Tsetse fly - Books, Tsetse fly - External links, Tsetse fly - Google picture search

Read more here: » Tsetse fly: Encyclopedia II - Tsetse fly - Tsetse control

Main articles: History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) ...

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Zoology, Zoology - History of zoology, Zoology - Branches of biology relevant to zoology, Zoology - Systems of classification, Zoology - Notable zoologists

Read more here: » Zoology: Encyclopedia II - Zoology - History of zoology

The modern evolutionary synthesis continued to be developed and refined after the initial establishment in the 1930s and 1940s. The work of W. D. Hamilton, George C. Williams, John Maynard Smith and others led to the development of a gene-centric view of evolution in the 1960s. The synthesis as it exists now has extended the scope of the Darwinian idea of natural selection, specifically to include subsequent scientific discoveries and concepts unknown to Darwin such as DNA and genetics that allow rigorous, in many cases mathematical, anal ...

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Modern evolutionary synthesis, Modern evolutionary synthesis - History, Modern evolutionary synthesis - Tenets of the modern synthesis, Modern evolutionary synthesis - Further advances

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The word "evolution" has been used to refer both to a fact and a theory, and it is important to understand both these different meanings of evolution, and the relationship between fact and theory in science. When "evolution" is used to describe a fact, it refers to the observations that populations of one species of organism do, over time, change into new species. In this sense, evolution occurs whenever a new species of bacterium evolves that is resistant to ...

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Evolution, Evolution - Overview of evolution, Evolution - Evidence of evolution, Evolution - History of evolutionary thought, Evolution - Misconceptions about modern evolutionary biology, Evolution - Social and religious controversies, Evolution - Science of evolution, Evolution - Academic disciplines, Evolution - The Modern Synthesis, Evolution - Heredity, Evolution - Mechanisms of evolution, Evolution - Speciation and extinction, Evolution - Notes and references

Read more here: » Evolution: Encyclopedia II - Evolution - Science of evolution

Main articles: History of biology, History of medicine, History of genetics Major discoveries in biology include: Cell theory Germ theory of disease Genetics Evolution DNA ...

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Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History

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Main article: List of biology disciplines Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub-disciplines. This article considers four broad groupings. The first group consists of those disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems: cells, genes etc.; the second group considers the operation of these structures at the level of tissues, organs, and bodies; the third group considers organisms and their histories; the final co ...

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Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History

Read more here: » Biology: Encyclopedia II - Biology - Scope of biology

Tsetse include up to thirty four species and sub-species depending on the particular classification used. Tsetse are sufficiently different in appearance and behavior to have been placed in their own distinct branch of the flies. This placement is controversial. The science of systematics is currently struggling to reconcile the traditional form of biological classification with the modern understanding of genomic evolution and speciation. The controversy surrounding the placement of tsetse is therefore likely to continue into the future. < ...

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Tsetse fly, Tsetse fly - Tsetse biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse morphology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse anatomy, Tsetse fly - The tsetse life cycle, Tsetse fly - Tsetse metabolism, Tsetse fly - General biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse systematics, Tsetse fly - Tsetse species, Tsetse fly - Tsetse as vectors of trypanosomiasis, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored human trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored animal trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control techniques, Tsetse fly - Etymology, Tsetse fly - Resources, Tsetse fly - Books, Tsetse fly - External links, Tsetse fly - Google picture search

Read more here: » Tsetse fly: Encyclopedia II - Tsetse fly - Tsetse systematics

The current understanding of the mechanistics of evolution differs considerably from the theory first outlined by Charles Darwin. Importantly, advances in genetics pioneered by Gregor Mendel led to a sophisticated understanding of the basis of variation and the mechanisms of inheritance. In addition natural selection has come to be seen as only one of a number of forces acting in evolution. A notable milestone in this regard was the formulation of the neutral theory of molecular evolution by Motoo Kimura.< ...

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Evolution, Evolution - Overview of evolution, Evolution - Evidence of evolution, Evolution - History of evolutionary thought, Evolution - Misconceptions about modern evolutionary biology, Evolution - Social and religious controversies, Evolution - Science of evolution, Evolution - Academic disciplines, Evolution - The Modern Synthesis, Evolution - Heredity, Evolution - Mechanisms of evolution, Evolution - Speciation and extinction, Evolution - Notes and references

Read more here: » Evolution: Encyclopedia II - Evolution - The Modern Synthesis

The original branches of zoology established in the late 19th century such as zoo-physics, bionomics and morphography, have largely been subsumed into more broad areas of biology which include studies of mechanisms common to both plants and animals. The biology of animals is covered in several broad areas: The physiology of animals is studied under various fields including anatomy and embryology The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in molecular biology, molecular genetics and ...

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Zoology, Zoology - History of zoology, Zoology - Branches of biology relevant to zoology, Zoology - Systems of classification, Zoology - Notable zoologists

Read more here: » Zoology: Encyclopedia II - Zoology - Branches of biology relevant to zoology

For example, Vilà et al (1997) determined haplotypes from a sequence of 261 base pairs in the mitochondrial DNA of 140 domestic dogs, 162 wolves, 5 coyotes, and 10 jackals (of three different species). The dogs were drawn from 67 different pure breeds and 5 cross breeds, and the wolves were drawn from 27 distinct geographically defined populations. The coyotes and jackals were used as the out group. Vilà et al found 27 distinct haplotypes among the wolves, and 26 among the dogs. The wolf haplotypes differed from each other by no mor ...

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Molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Theoretical background, Molecular systematics - Example: the phylogeny of the domestic dog, Molecular systematics - Characteristics and assumptions of molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Reference

Read more here: » Molecular systematics: Encyclopedia II - Molecular systematics - Example: the phylogeny of the domestic dog

This example illustrates several characteristics of molecular systematics and its underlying assumptions. Molecular systematics is an essentially cladistic approach: it assumes that classification must correspond to phylogenetic descent, and that all valid taxa must be at least paraphyletic and preferably monophyletic. Molecular systematics often uses the molecular clock assumption that quantitative similarity of genotype is a sufficient measure of the recency of genetic divergence. Particularly in relation to speciatio ...

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Molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Theoretical background, Molecular systematics - Example: the phylogeny of the domestic dog, Molecular systematics - Characteristics and assumptions of molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Reference

Read more here: » Molecular systematics: Encyclopedia II - Molecular systematics - Characteristics and assumptions of molecular systematics

Main article: List of biology disciplines Biology has become such a vast research enterprise that it is not generally regarded as a single discipline, but as a number of clustered sub-disciplines. This article considers four broad groupings. The first group consists of those disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems: cells, genes etc.; the second group considers the operation of these structures at the level of tissues, organs, and bodies; the third group considers organisms and their histories; the final co ...

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Biology, Biology - Biological Phenomena, Biology - Branches of Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History, Biology - Related topics

Read more here: » Biology: Encyclopedia II - Biology - Scope of biology