Taxonomy is a highly relevant topic when discussing primates, in relation to anthropology. There are many similarities between humans and apes that are evident in anatomy, brain structures, genetics, and biochemistry. Physical similarities between humans and apes belong to zoological taxonomy. Taxonomy here means classification of organisms by their resemblance to others. Take for instance humans and apes. "Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, hominoidea, also known as hominoids." Monkeys are not a part of ...

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Taxonomy, Taxonomy - Example from anthropology, Taxonomy - Abstraction and hierarchy, Taxonomy - Taxonomy and mental classification, Taxonomy - Other uses

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Phylum Crenarchaeota Phylum Euryarchaeota     Halobacteria     Methanobacteria     Methanococci     Methanopyri     Archaeoglobi     Thermoplasmata     Thermococci Phylum Korarchaeota Phylum Nanoarchaeota The Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) are a major division of living organisms. Although there is still uncertainty in the exact phylogeny of the groups, Archae ...

Including:

• Archaea - History
• Archaea - Archaea Bacteria and Eukaryotes
• Archaea - Habitats
• Archaea - Form
• Archaea - Evolution and classification

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Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including viruses, viroids, prions, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes (e.g. molds and fungi). Microbes represent ideal model systems for study due to the fact that many can be grown quickly and easily in genetically uniform cultures (e.g. agar), which allows for the production of biological materials (e.g. protein or DNA) in reasonable quantities quickly, safely and inexpensively. However, viruses, viroids, and prions cann ...

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Biology is the study, or science, of life. It is concerned with the characteristics and behaviors of organisms, how species and individuals come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales. Biology - Biological Phenomena. At the organism lev ...

Including:

• Biology - Biological Phenomena
• Biology - Branches of Biology
• Biology - Principles of biology
• Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code
• Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology
• Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms
• Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life
• Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change
• Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments
• Biology - Scope of biology
• Biology - Structure of life
• Biology - Physiology of organisms
• Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms
• Biology - Interactions of organisms
• Biology - History of the word biology
• Biology - History
• Biology - Related topics

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Cladistics (Greek: klados = branch) is a branch of biology that determines the evolutionary relationships between living things based on derived similarity. It is the most prominent of several phylogenetic systematics, which study the evolutionary relationships of living things. Cladistics is a method of rigorous analysis, using "shared derived properties" (synapomorphies: see below) of the organisms being studied. Cladistic analysis forms the basis for most modern systems of biological classification, which seek to grou ...

Including:

• Cladistics - Definitions
• Cladistics - Cladistic methods
• Cladistics - Cladistic classification

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Zoology (Greek "ζώον", zoon = animal and "λόγος", logos = word, speech, with a literal meaning of "that which refers to" as in sociology, criminology etc.) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. Zoology - History of zoology. Main articles: History of zoology (before Darwin) History of zoology (since Darwin) Zoological distribution, Zootomy - the study of animal anatomy o ...

Including:

• Zoology - History of zoology
• Zoology - Branches of biology relevant to zoology
• Zoology - Systems of classification
• Zoology - Notable zoologists

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In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations). Phylogenetics, also known as phylogenetic systematics, treats a species as a group of lineage-connected individuals over time. Phylogenetic taxonomy, which is an offshoot of, but not a logical consequence of, phylogenetic systematics, constitutes a means of classifying groups of organi ...

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Taxonomies are frequently hierarchical in structure. However taxonomy may also refer to relationship schemes other than hierarchies, such as network structures. Other taxonomies may include single children with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms". A taxonomy might also be a simple organization of objects into groups, or even an alphabetical list. In current usage within "Knowledge Management", taxon ...

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Taxonomy, Taxonomy - Example from anthropology, Taxonomy - Abstraction and hierarchy, Taxonomy - Taxonomy and mental classification, Taxonomy - Other uses

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Such taxonomies as those analyzed by Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss are sometimes called folk taxonomies to distinguish them from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal. A recent neologism, folksonomy, should not be confused with Folk Taxonomy (though it is obviously a contraction of the two words). Those who support scientific taxonomies have recently criticized folksonomies by dubbing them fauxonomies. The phrase enterprise taxonomy is used in business to describe a very limited form of taxo ...

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Taxonomy, Taxonomy - Example from anthropology, Taxonomy - Abstraction and hierarchy, Taxonomy - Taxonomy and mental classification, Taxonomy - Other uses

Read more here: » Taxonomy: Encyclopedia II - Taxonomy - Other uses

Botany is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also sometimes referred to as plant science(s) or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, ecology, and evolution of plants. Botany - Scope and importance of botany. As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organel ...

Including:

• Botany - Scope and importance of botany
• Botany - Feed the world
• Botany - Understand fundamental life processes
• Botany - Utilise medicine and materials
• Botany - Understand environmental changes
• Botany - History
• Botany - Early botany before 1945
• Botany - Modern botany since 1945

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George John Romanes coined the term neo-Darwinism to refer to the theory of evolution preferred by Alfred Russel Wallace et al. Wallace rejected the Lamarckian idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics, something that Darwin, Huxley et al wouldn't rule out. The mechanism of inheritance wasn't discovered in Darwin or Wallace's time, however, so the debate was never settled. Mendelian genetics was rediscovered in 1900. However, there were differences of opinion as to what was the variation that natural selecti ...

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Modern evolutionary synthesis, Modern evolutionary synthesis - History, Modern evolutionary synthesis - Tenets of the modern synthesis, Modern evolutionary synthesis - Further advances

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Molecular evolution - Mutations. Main article: Mutation Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) ...

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Molecular evolution, Molecular evolution - Exceptions to the general description, Molecular evolution - Principles of molecular evolution, Molecular evolution - Mutations, Molecular evolution - Causes of change in allele frequency, Molecular evolution - Molecular study of phylogeny, Molecular evolution - The neutral theory, Molecular evolution - Infinite alleles model, Molecular evolution - Related fields

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Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for gene sequencing, which allow the determination of the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA, not necessarily restricted to genes. At present it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome), and this has been done for only a few species. However it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the ...

See also:

Molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Theoretical background, Molecular systematics - Example: the phylogeny of the domestic dog, Molecular systematics - Characteristics and assumptions of molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Reference

Read more here: » Molecular systematics: Encyclopedia II - Molecular systematics - Theoretical background

In science, parsimony is preference for the least complicated explanation for an observation. This is generally regarded as good when judging hypotheses. Occam's Razor also states the "principle of parsimony". In systematics, maximum parsimony is a cladistic optimality criterion based on the principle of parsimony. Under maximum parsimony, the preferred phylogenetic tree is the tree that requires the ...

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Parsimony, Parsimony - Science, Parsimony - External link

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Evolution - Evidence of evolution. Main article: Evidence of evolution The process of evolution has left behind numerous records which reveal the history of different species. While the best-known of these are the fossils, fossils are only a small part of the overall physical record of evolution. Fossils, taken together with the comparative anatomy of present-day plants and animals, constitute the morphological record. By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species ...

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Evolution, Evolution - Overview of evolution, Evolution - Evidence of evolution, Evolution - History of evolutionary thought, Evolution - Misconceptions about modern evolutionary biology, Evolution - Social and religious controversies, Evolution - Science of evolution, Evolution - Academic disciplines, Evolution - The Modern Synthesis, Evolution - Heredity, Evolution - Mechanisms of evolution, Evolution - Speciation and extinction, Evolution - Notes and references

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DNA barcoding - Identification of Birds. In an effort to find a correspondence between traditional species boundaries established by taxonomy and those inferred by DNA barcoding, Hebert and co-workers sequenced DNA barcodes of 260 of the 667 bird species that breed in North America (Hebert et al. 2004a). They found that every single one of the 260 species had a different COI sequence. 130 species were represented by two or more specimens, in all of these species. COI sequences were either identical or were ...

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DNA barcoding, DNA barcoding - Origin, DNA barcoding - Case Studies, DNA barcoding - Identification of Birds, DNA barcoding - Delimiting Cryptic Species, DNA barcoding - Identifying Flowering Plants, DNA barcoding - Cataloguing Ancient Life, DNA barcoding - Criticisms

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Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for DNA sequencing, which allow the determination of the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA, not necessarily restricted to genes. At present it is still a long and expensive process to sequence the entire DNA of an organism (its genome), and this has been done for only a few species. However it is quite feasible to determine the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome. Typical molecular systematic analyses require the ...

See also:

Molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Theoretical background, Molecular systematics - Example: the phylogeny of the domestic dog, Molecular systematics - Characteristics and assumptions of molecular systematics, Molecular systematics - Reference

Read more here: » Molecular systematics: Encyclopedia II - Molecular systematics - Theoretical background

Unlike physics, biology does not usually describe systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics. Nevertheless, the biological sciences are characterized and unified by several major underlying principles and concepts: universality, evolution, diversity, continuity, genetics, homeostasis, and interactions. Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the gene ...

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Biology, Biology - Principles of biology, Biology - Universality: Biochemistry cells and the genetic code, Biology - Evolution: The central principle of biology, Biology - Diversity: The variety of living organisms, Biology - Continuity: The common descent of life, Biology - Homeostasis: Adapting to change, Biology - Interactions: Groups and environments, Biology - Scope of biology, Biology - Structure of life, Biology - Physiology of organisms, Biology - Diversity and evolution of organisms, Biology - Interactions of organisms, Biology - History of the word biology, Biology - History

Read more here: » Biology: Encyclopedia II - Biology - Principles of biology

List of people known by initials - A—F. B. J. Armstrong P. T. Anderson W. H. Auden J. L. Austin A. J. Ayer J. G. Ballard P. T. Barnum J. M. Barrie H. E. Bates C. E. W. Bean L. L. Bean P.G.T. Beauregard W. A. C. Bennett E. C. Bentley P. W. Botha T. C. Boyle J. N. Brønsted A. J. Burnett A. S. Byatt J. J. Cale See also:

List of people known by initials, List of people known by initials - Famous people known by their initials, List of people known by initials - Borderline cases, List of people known by initials - Individuals known always or for the most part by initials and surname, List of people known by initials - A—F, List of people known by initials - G—P, List of people known by initials - Q—Z, List of people known by initials - Individuals known by first name and an initial as a surname, List of people known by initials - Individuals whose use of their middle initial carries special significance, List of people known by initials - Fictional characters

Read more here: » List of people known by initials: Encyclopedia II - List of people known by initials - Individuals known always or for the most part by initials and surname

Tsetse are biological vectors of trypanosomes meaning that tsetse, in the process of feeding, acquire and then transmit small, single-celled organisms called trypanosomes from infected vertebrate hosts to uninfected animals. Some tsetse transmitted trypanosome species cause trypanosomiasis, an infectious disease. In humans, tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is called sleeping sickness. In animals, tsetse vectored trypanosomiases include nagana, souma, and surra according to the animal infected and the trypanosome species involved, although the usage is not strict and naga ...

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Tsetse fly, Tsetse fly - Tsetse biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse morphology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse anatomy, Tsetse fly - The tsetse life cycle, Tsetse fly - Tsetse metabolism, Tsetse fly - General biology, Tsetse fly - Tsetse systematics, Tsetse fly - Tsetse species, Tsetse fly - Tsetse as vectors of trypanosomiasis, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored human trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse vectored animal trypanosomiases, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control, Tsetse fly - Tsetse control techniques, Tsetse fly - Etymology, Tsetse fly - Resources, Tsetse fly - Books, Tsetse fly - External links, Tsetse fly - Google picture search

Read more here: » Tsetse fly: Encyclopedia II - Tsetse fly - Tsetse as vectors of trypanosomiasis