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syngas | A Wisdom Archive on syngas | | syngas A selection of articles related to syngas | |
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syngas, Syngas
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO syngas | | | |  syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - ExamplesSeveral domestic US automobile manufactures have committed to develop vehicles using hydrogen. (They had previously committed to producing electric vehicles in California, a program now defunct at their behest.) Critics argue this "commitment" is merely a ploy to sidestep current calls for increased efficiency in gasoline and diesel fuel powered vehicles.
Some hospitals have installed combined electrolyzer-storage-fuel cell units for local emergency power. These are advantageous for emergency use due to their low maintenance requirement and ease of location compa ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Examples |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Transportation Hydrogen seems unlikely to be the cheapest carrier of energy over long distances in the near future. Advances in electrolysis and fuel cell technology have not addressed the underlying cost problem yet.
As of 2005, the cheapest method to move energy around the planet is in uranium by rail, but nuclear power has received negative responses. The next cheapest and currently most widely used is in the form of oil in a pipeline or supertanker, or coal by rail or bulk carrier vessel. Natural gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas tankers a ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Transportation |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - World coal reserves It has been estimated that, as of 1996, there is around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg) of total coal reserves accessible using current mining technology, approximately half of it being hard coal. The energy value of all the world's coal is well over 100,000 quadrillion Btu (100 zettajoules). There probably is enough coal to last for 300 years. However, this estimate assumes no rise in population, and no increased use of coal to attempt to compensate for the depletion of natural gas and petroleum. A recent (2003) study by scientist Gre ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - World coal reserves |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Storage Storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. Some attention has been given to the role of hydrogen to provide grid energy storage for unpredictable energy sources, like wind power. The primary difficulty with using hydrogen for grid energy storage is that converting power to hydrogen and back is not cheap.
Hydrocarbons are stored extensively at the point of use, be it in the gasoline tanks of automobiles or propane tanks hung on the side of barbecue grills. Hydrogen, in comparison, is quite expensive to stor ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Storage |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Examples Several domestic US automobile manufactures have committed to develop vehicles using hydrogen. (They had previously committed to producing electric vehicles in California, a program now defunct at their behest.) Critics argue this "commitment" is merely a ploy to sidestep current calls for increased efficiency in gasoline and diesel fuel powered vehicles.
Some hospitals have installed combined electrolyzer-storage-fuel cell units for local emergency power. These are advantageous for emergency use due to their low maintenance requirement and ease of location compa ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The present, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Examples |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Composition Carbon forms more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is dependent on coal rank, with higher rank coals containing less hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, until 95% purity of carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank and above. Graphite formed from coal is the end-product of the thermal and diagenetic conversion of plant matter (50% b ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Composition |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Etymology and folklore The word "coal" came from Anglo-Saxon col, which meant charcoal. Coal was not mined in Britain before the late Middle Ages; i.e. after ca. 1000 AD. Mineral coal was referred to as sea-coal, either because it was found on beaches occasionally having fallen from the exposed coal seams above or washed out of underwater coal seam outcrops, or because it was easier to transport by sea rather than on the very poor road system; in London, England there is still a Seacoal Lane (off the north side of Ludgate Hill) wh ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Etymology and folklore |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - The short-term future The large market and sharply rising prices have also stimulated great interest in alternate, cheaper means of hydrogen production. One particular method that has gained considerable commercial interest and U.S. government funding is high-temperature thermochemical electrolysis of water (H2O). Some prototype nuclear reactors operate at 850 to 1000 degrees Celsius, considerably hotter than existing commercial plants. Thermochemical electrolysis of water at these temperatures converts more of the initial heat energy into chemical ene ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - The short-term future |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Production The production and distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested in limited markets around the world, particularly in Iceland, Germany, California, Japan and Canada. There are several processes which can yield hydrogen via water splitting using various energy sources at different efficiencies and costs. As of 2005, 48% of hydrogen production (for industrial processes) is from natural gas, 30% is from oil, 18% is from coal, and 4% is from electrolysis.
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See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Production |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns 48% of hydrogen gas is created through the natural gas steam reforming/water gas shift reaction method, outlined above. This creates carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, as a byproduct. This is usually released into the atmosphere, although there has also been some research into interning it underground or undersea.
Recently, there have also been some concerns over possible problems related to hydrogen gas leakage. Molecular hydrogen leaks slowly from most containment vessels. It has been hypothesized that if significant ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Rationale Electricity has revolutionized the quality of human life since the late 19th century by enabling easier use of available energy sources. Inventions such as the dynamo and electric lighting sparked its growth on direct current. Later the alternator and alternating current enabled electric power transmission over long distances in a grand scale.
Currently, grid load balancing is done by varying the output of generators. However, electricity is hard to store efficiently for future use. The most cost-efficient and widespread system for la ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The present, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Rationale |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Coal fires There are hundreds of coal fires burning around the world.[8] Those burning underground can be difficult to locate and many can not be extinguished. Fires can cause the ground above to subside, combustion gases are dangerous to life, and breaking out to the surface can initiate surface wildfires.
Coal seams can be set on fire by spontaneous combustion or contact with a mine fire or surface fire. A grass fire in a coal area can ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Coal fires |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Creation Coal is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.
Coal was formed in swamp ecosystems which persisted in lowland sedimentary basins similar to the peat swamps of Borneo and Kalimantan today. These swamp environments were formed during slow subsidence of passive continental margins, and most seem to have formed adjacent to estuarine and marine sediments suggesting that they may have ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Creation |
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| | | | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Composition Carbon forms more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of coal (this includes inherent moisture). This is dependant on coal rank, with higher rank coals containing less hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, until 95% purity of carbon is achieved at Anthracite rank and above. Graphite formed from coal is the end-product of the thermal and diagenetic conversion of plant matter (50% b ...
See also:Coal, Coal - Etymology and folklore, Coal - Composition, Coal - Creation, Coal - Types of coal, Coal - Uses, Coal - Coal as fuel, Coal - Coking and use of coke, Coal - Harmful effects of coal burning, Coal - Coal fires, Coal - World coal reserves Read more here: » Coal: Encyclopedia II - Coal - Composition |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks
Carbon dioxide sink - Forests.
The idea of carbon sinks based on growing trees rests on an understanding of the carbon cycle. Enormous amounts of carbon are naturally stored in trees. As part of photosynthesis trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it as carbon while oxygen is released back into the atmosphere. Rapidly growing trees absorb a larger amount of carbon dioxide. Mature trees grow less rapidly and thus have a lower intake of carbon dioxide. Trees are about 20 per cent carbon by weigh ...
See also:Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes Read more here: » Carbon dioxide sink: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration
Carbon dioxide sink - Forests.
Forests are carbon dioxide stores, but the sink effect exists only when they grow in size: it is thus naturally limited. The rate at which forests can sequester carbon, given the available land, is far exceeded by the rate at which it is released by the combustion of fossilised forests (coal, oil and natural gas). It seems clear that the use of forests to curb climate change can only be a temporary measure. Even optimistic estimates come to the conclusion that the planting of new fo ...
See also:Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes Read more here: » Carbon dioxide sink: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol The protocols hold that, since growing vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide, countries that have large areas of forest (or other vegetation) can deduct a certain amount from their emissions, thus making it easier for them to achieve the desired emission levels. The effectiveness of these provisions is controversial.
Some countries want to be able to trade in emission rights in carbon emission markets, to make it possible for one country to buy the benefit of carbon dioxide sinks in another country. It is said that such a market mechanism ...
See also:Carbon dioxide sink, Carbon dioxide sink - Natural sinks, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Enhancing natural sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Forests, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Soils, Carbon dioxide sink - Artificial sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon capture, Carbon dioxide sink - Oceans, Carbon dioxide sink - Geological sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Mineral sequestration, Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol, Carbon dioxide sink - Notes Read more here: » Carbon dioxide sink: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide sink - Carbon sinks and the Kyoto Protocol |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Future energy development - History of predictions about future energy development Ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the question of the future of energy supplies has occupied economists.
1865 - William Stanley Jevons published The Coal Question in which he claimed that reserves of coal would soon be exhausted and that there was no prospect of oil being an effective replacement.
1885 - US Geological Survey: Little or no chance of oil in California.
1891 - US Geological Survey: Little or no chance of oil in Kansas or Texas.
1914 - US Bureau of Mines: ...
See also:Future energy development, Future energy development - General considerations, Future energy development - History of predictions about future energy development, Future energy development - Fossil fuels, Future energy development - Oil, Future energy development - Natural gas, Future energy development - Coal, Future energy development - Nuclear power, Future energy development - Renewable energy, Future energy development - Increased efficiency in current energy use, Future energy development - Energy storage and transportation fuel, Future energy development - Speculative Read more here: » Future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Future energy development - History of predictions about future energy development |
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| | | | | syngas: Encyclopedia II - Future energy development - Fossil fuels Fossil fuels supply most of the energy consumed today. They are relatively concentrated and pure energy sources and technically easy to exploit, and provide cheap energy if the costs of pollution and subsidies are ignored. Petroleum products provide almost all of the world's transportation fuel.
Pollution is a large problem. Fossil fuels contribute to global warming and acid rains. The use of fossil fuels, mainly coal, causes tens of thousands of deaths each year in the US alone from diseases like respiratory disease, cardiovascular d ...
See also:Future energy development, Future energy development - General considerations, Future energy development - History of predictions about future energy development, Future energy development - Fossil fuels, Future energy development - Oil, Future energy development - Natural gas, Future energy development - Coal, Future energy development - Nuclear power, Future energy development - Renewable energy, Future energy development - Increased efficiency in current energy use, Future energy development - Energy storage and transportation fuel, Future energy development - Speculative Read more here: » Future energy development: Encyclopedia II - Future energy development - Fossil fuels |
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