Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Switzerland
The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica) is a landlocked federal republic in Europe, bordering Germany, Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Cantons States
The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons: Aargau Appenzell Innerrhoden* Appenzell Ausserrhoden* Basel-Stadt* Basel-Landschaft* Ber...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Culture
The culture of Switzerland is influenced by its neighbours, but over the years a distinctive culture with strong regional differences has...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baden, Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Baden, Switzerland - Sights
Baden is chiefly visited by reason of its hot sulphur springs, which are mentioned by Tacitus (Histories i. cap. 7) and were very fashion...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - History
Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 ye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - History
Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 ye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Constantine Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Constantine Switzerland
Constantine is a municipality in the district of Avenches of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Other related archivesSwitzerland, canto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cham Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Cham Switzerland
Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug, Switzerland, with an area of 19.82 km² and, as of 2004, a population of 13300. The city, on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brig Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Brig Switzerland
Brig (French: Brigue) is a city in the canton of Valais, Switzerland at 46°19′N 7°58′E. The historic town with 5,000 inhabitants is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A7 Switzerland: Encyclopedia - A7 Switzerland
The A7 is a motorway which runs from Winterthur in northeastern Switzerland through to Kreuzlingen, a border town with Konstanz (Germany)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Champagne Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Champagne Switzerland
Champagne is a municipality with some 600 inhabitants in the Vaud canton of Switzerland located on the western border with France, adjace...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland
The culture of Switzerland is influenced by its neighbours, but over the years a distinctive culture with strong regional differences has...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cheeses Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Cheeses Of Switzerland
Switzerland is home to about 450 varieties of cheese. Cow milk is used in about 99 percent of the cheeses produced. The remaining share i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baden Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Baden Switzerland
Baden is a town in the Swiss canton of Aargau, on the left bank of the river Limmat, 25 km N.W. of Zürich. Permanent population (2002): ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cantons Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia - Cantons Of Switzerland
The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. Historically and until the mid-19th century, ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bern Switzerland Temple: Encyclopedia - Bern Switzerland Temple
The Bern Switzerland Temple is a Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in Zollikofen, a small town near Bern...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demographics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Switzerland - Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 99% (1980 est.) (no separate numbers for sexes) ... See also:Demograph...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demographics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Switzerland - Population
Total of registered residents: 7,415,102 (2004) 7,255,653 (2001) 6,193,064 (1970) (numbers relate to 31 December) ... See also:Demogr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demographics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Switzerland - Nationality
The number of registered resident foreigners was 1,001,887 (16.17%) in 1970. This amount decreased to 904,337 (14.34%) in 1979, and has i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saxon Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Saxon Switzerland - Photos
Bastei Bastei Bastei Bastei Bastei View of The Elbe River from Bastei ... See also:Saxon Switzerland, Saxon Switzerland - History, Saxo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Switzerland - Defining Characteristics
Economy of Switzerland - Trade. Apart from industry, Trade has been the key to prosperity in Switzerland. The country is dependent upon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Switzerland - History
For much of the 20th century Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin. However since the 1990s it has su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bremgarten Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Bremgarten Switzerland - History
In 1230, a settlement was founded near the present location of Bremgarten. In 1258, it was granted city right by Rudolf I of Habsburg. Br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Switzerland - Architecture
There is a strong architectural tradition in Switzerland. The Romanesque style of the 12th century can be found in the cathedrals of Base...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baden Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Baden Switzerland - Economy
In the 19th and 20th century Baden became an industry town, main seat of the former Brown Boveri Company. Most industrial faculties have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Switzerland - Media
Newspapers have a strong regional character, but some are renowned for their thorough coverage of international issues, such as the Neue ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Demographics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Demographics Of Switzerland - Languages
The four official languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Rumantsch. Native speakers number about 64% (4.6 million) for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asterix In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Asterix In Switzerland - Plot
Inspector Quaestor Vexatius Sinusitus has been poisoned by the corrupt Roman governor Varius Flavus, who has been putting aside the great...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Easyjet Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Easyjet Switzerland - Services
easyJet Switzerland operates the following services to International scheduled destinations (at December 2005): From Geneva (GVA):Alicant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baden Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Baden Switzerland - Sights
Baden is chiefly visited by reason of its hot sulphur springs, which are mentioned by Tacitus (Histories i. cap. 7) and were very fashion...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flag Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Flag Of Switzerland - Origin
Flag of Switzerland - Legends and history. The ultimate origin of the white cross is attributed by three competing legends: To the Theb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Switzerland - Literature
See Swiss literature In the field of literature Switzerland produced a number of very well known writers. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was from ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saxon Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Saxon Switzerland - History
The Saxon Switzerland was originally settled by Slavs and only fell to the Saxon Margraves of Meißen in the 15th century. The Saxon Swit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Switzerland - Economic Policy
Economy of Switzerland - Terrorism. Through the United States-Swiss Joint Economic Commission (JEC), Switzerland has passed strict legi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Discussion
All able-bodied male Swiss citizens are conscripted to the armed forces. For women the service is voluntary. Since 1996, Swiss citizens c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transportation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Switzerland - Railways
Main article: Rail transport in Switzerland total: 5'063 km standard gauge: 3'652 km 1.435-m gauge (3'641 km electrified) narrow gauge: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Criticism
There is an organised movement in Switzerland (Gruppe Schweiz ohne Armee; GSoA / Groupe pour une Suisse sans Armée; GSsA - Group for a S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transportation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Transportation In Switzerland - Highways Autobahn
See also: Swiss Alps for a list of mountain passes Amongst two of the most important highways (in German: Autobahn, in French: Autoroute)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Ranks
Rank designations in German and French with abbreviations and corresponding NATO codes: Enlisted: Rekrut (Rekr) / recrue (recr) Soldat (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A1 Team Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - A1 Team Switzerland - Owners
A1 Team Switzerland owner is Max Welti. ... See also:A1 Team Switzerland, A1 Team Switzerland - Owners, A1 Team Switzerland - Drivers   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Leadership
In contrast to most other comparable Armies, officer candidates are not necessarily career regulars. Instead, until 2004 officers were tr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Switzerland - Folk Arts
Folk art is kept alive in organizations all over the country. In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music, dance, poetry, wood carving...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Switzerland - Visual Arts
In the 16th century Protestantism had a strong influence on visual arts in Switzerland. There was almost no influence from Italian or Fre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Switzerland - Legislative Branch
Switzerland has a bicameral parliament called the Federal Assembly, made up of: the Council of States (46 seats - members serve four-yea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Switzerland - Political Conditions
Although it has a diverse society, Switzerland has a stable government. Most voters support the government in the armed neutrality underl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Switzerland - Executive Branch
The Swiss Federal Council is a seven-member executive council ("cabinet") that heads the executive branch. It is elected by the Federal A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Peacekeeping Missions
Switzerland being a neutral country, its army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries. However, over the years, the Swis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Politics Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Politics Of Switzerland - Political Parties And Elections
Switzerland has a rich party landscape. The four parties represented in the Federal Council are generally called the government parties: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saxon Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Saxon Switzerland - Mediaeval Castles And Anchorages
About 1000 years ago the Bohemian-Saxony Switzerland was the borderland of three Slavic tribes. The tribe Nisane (easterly of the Elbe fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Intelligence Community
The Swiss military department maintains the Onyx intelligence gathering system, similar in concept to the American ECHELON system, but at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Districts Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Districts Of Switzerland - Amt Amtsbezirk District And Distretto
Most Cantons are divided into Bezirke (German for districts). They are also termed Ämter (Lucerne), Amtsbezirke (Bern), district (in Fre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saxon Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Saxon Switzerland - Rock Climbing
The Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Green Party Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Green Party Of Switzerland - History
The first Green party in Switzerland was founded as a local party in 1971 in the town of Neuenburg. In 1979 Daniel Brélaz was elected to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Military Services
On May 18, 2003, Swiss voters approved the military reform project "Army XXI" that will drastically reduce the size of the Swiss Army. St...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - Defence Ministers
Member of the Federal Council heading the "Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports", (formerly "Federal Military Depar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Federal Assembly Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Federal Assembly Of Switzerland - Composition
The Federal Assembly is made up of two chambers: the National Council, with 200 seats the Council of States, with 46 councillors. Seat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - Switzerland As A Federal State 1848–1914
Main article Switzerland as a federal state In 1847, a civil war broke out between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons (Sonderbundskr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Military Of Switzerland - High Command
In peacetime, the armed forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces (Chef der Armee), who reports to the head of the Department of De...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - After 1945
Main articles Modern history of Switzerland, Politics of Switzerland. After the war, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foreign Relations Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Switzerland - History
The recently changed Swiss Constitution declares the preservation of Switzerland's independence and welfare as the supreme objective of S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland County Indiana: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland County Indiana - Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 579 km² (224 mi²). 573 km² (221 mi²) of it is land and 6 km² (2 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Districts Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Districts Of Switzerland - Absence Of A District Level In Ten Cantons
Ten of the 26 Cantons entirely dispense with the district level of government: Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Data Codes For Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Data Codes For Switzerland - Cantons
The abbreviations are widely used, e.g. on car license plates and as disambiguator for localities on postal addresses if two localities i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam In Switzerland - General And Demographic
According to the Confederate census of 2001 310 807 Muslims were living in Switzerland which was 4.26% of the population. In stark contra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cheeses Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Cheeses Of Switzerland - Some Well-known Swiss Cheeses
Cheeses of Switzerland - extra-hard. Sbrinz Cheeses of Switzerland - hard. Emmentaler, generally known in the U.S. as "Swiss chees...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Data Codes For Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Data Codes For Switzerland - Country
These are codes for the country itself. See country code for a fuller explanation. CH ISO country code (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2,two letter) C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Thirty Years' War
During the Thirty Years' War, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (Grimmelshausen) in war-torn Europe. The cantons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland County Indiana: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland County Indiana - Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 9,065 people, 3,435 households, and 2,538 families residing in the county. The population density is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Development Of Protestantism
As part of their struggle for independence, the Swiss cantons had already in the 15th century sought to limit the influence of the Church...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland At The 2000 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland At The 2000 Summer Olympics - Medals
Switzerland at the 2000 Summer Olympics - Gold. Brigitte McMahon - triathlon, women's competition Switzerland at the 2000 Summer Oly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland At The 1980 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland At The 1980 Summer Olympics - Medals
Switzerland at the 1980 Summer Olympics - Gold. Robert Dill-Bundi — Cycling, Men's 4.000m Individual Pursuit Jürg Röthlisberger ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Religious Civil War
The success of the Reformation in Zürich and its rapid territorial expansion definitely made this religious renewal a political issue an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Counter-reformation
While the official Church remained passive during the beginnings of the Reformation, the Swiss Catholic cantons took measures early on to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cantons Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Cantons Of Switzerland - List And Map
The table below lists the cantons in the order of the constitution. Notes: 1 As of 31 December 2001, National Statistics, 2 km², 3 per k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Developments In The West
The dukes of Savoy had tried already for centuries to gain sovereignty over the city of Geneva, surrounded by Savoyard territory, for the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland At The 2004 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland At The 2004 Summer Olympics - Results By Event
Switzerland at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Athletics. Men's 400 metre hurdles: Cedric El Idrissi - Round 1, 49.44 s (did not advance) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - Reformation 1523–1648
Main article: Reformation in Switzerland. Huldrych Zwingli was elected priest of the Great Minster church in Zürich in 1518. Zwingli's R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland At The 1896 Summer Olympics: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland At The 1896 Summer Olympics - Medals
Switzerland at the 1896 Summer Olympics - Gold. Louis Zutter - gymnastics - pommel horse Switzerland at the 1896 Summer Olympics - S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - Early History
Main article: Early history of Switzerland. Archeological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers settled in the lowlands north of the Al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Early History Of Switzerland - Prehistory
Archeological evidence from the Wildkirchli cave in Appenzell suggests that hunter-gatherers settled in the lowlands north of the Alps by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foreign Relations Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Foreign Relations Of Switzerland - Illicit Drugs
Because of more stringent government regulations, used significantly less as a money-laundering centre. Transit country for and consumer ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Music Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Music Of Switzerland - Folk Music
Due to a lack of detailed records, little is known about Swiss folk music prior to the 19th century. Some 16th century lute tablatures ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reformation In Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Reformation In Switzerland - Social Developments
Historians count 13 (Geneva) or 14 (St Gallen) plague surges in Switzerland between 1500 and 1640, accounting for 31 plague years, and si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - Napoleonic Era 1798–1848
Main article: Switzerland in the Napoleonic era During the French Revolutionary Wars, the revolutionary armies boiled eastward, envelopin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Early History Of Switzerland - Middle Ages
Under the Carolingian kings, the feudal system proliferated, and monasteries and bishopries were important bases for maintaining the rule...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - World Wars 1914–1945
Main article Switzerland during the World Wars. During both World War I and World War II, Switzerland managed to keep a stance of armed n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Switzerland - Ancien Régime 1648–1798
Main article: Ancien Régime of Switzerland. At the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, Switzerland attained legal independence from the Holy R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Early History Of Switzerland - Roman Era
In 58 BCE, the Helvetii tried to evade migratory pressure from Germanic tribes by moving into Gaul, but were stopped and defeated at Bibr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Early History Of Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Early History Of Switzerland - Christianization And Post-roman Era
In the late Roman period in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the christianization of the region began. Legends of Christian martyrs such as Fel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Geography
With an area of 41,285 km², Switzerland is a small country. The population is around 7.4 million, resulting in a population density of 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Economy
Switzerland is a prosperous and stable modern market economy, with a per capita GDP that is higher than those of the big western European...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Demographics
Switzerland sits at the crossroads of several major European cultures that have heavily influenced the country's languages and culture. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Politics
The bicameral Swiss parliament, the Federal Assembly, is the primary seat of power, apart from the Federal Council. Both houses, the Coun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Cantons States
The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons: Aargau Appenzell Innerrhoden* Appenzell Ausserrhoden* Basel-Stadt* Basel-Landschaft* Ber...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Culture
The culture of Switzerland is influenced by its neighbours, but over the years a distinctive culture with strong regional differences has...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Economy
Switzerland is a prosperous and stable modern market economy, with a per capita GDP that is higher than those of the big western European...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Demographics
Switzerland sits at the crossroads of several major European cultures that have heavily influenced the country's languages and culture. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Geography
With an area of 41,285 km², Switzerland is a small country. The population is around 7.4 million, resulting in a population density of 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Switzerland - Politics
The bicameral Swiss parliament, the Federal Assembly, is the primary seat of power, apart from the Federal Council. Both houses, the Coun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baden, Switzerland: Encyclopedia Ii - Baden, Switzerland - Economy
In the 19th and 20th century Baden became an industry town, main seat of the former Brown Boveri Company. Most industrial faculties have ...   » Read the article