In 1999 M.T.Brown and S.Ulgiati [1] formulated a quantitative sustainability index (SI) as a ratio of the emergy yield ratio (EYR) to the environmental loading ratio (ELR). Brown and Ulgiati also called the sustainability index, the "Emergy Sustainability Index" (ESI), "an index that accounts for yield, renewability, and environmental load. It is the incremental emergy yield compared to the environmental load" (1999, p. 7). The ratio is defined as follows: (From Table 3. 'Global Emergy Indicies' in Brown and Ulgiati 19 ...

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Sustainability, Sustainability - Definition, Sustainability - Sustainability Index, Sustainability - Concepts and issues, Sustainability - Implementing Agenda 21, Sustainability - Types of sustainability, Sustainability - Development sustainability, Sustainability - Bibliography

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See also:

Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare, Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare - Definition, Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare - History

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Put in simpler terms, sustainability is providing for the best for people and the environment both now and in the indefinite future. In the terms of the 1987 Brundtland Report, sustainability is: "Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs." This is very much like the seventh generation philosophy of the Native American Iroquois Confederacy, mandating that chiefs always consider the effects of their actions on their descendants ...

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Sustainability, Sustainability - Definition, Sustainability - Sustainability Index, Sustainability - Concepts and issues, Sustainability - Implementing Agenda 21, Sustainability - Types of sustainability, Sustainability - Development sustainability, Sustainability - Bibliography

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Green issues Worldwide green parties (list): Global Greens · Africa · Americas · Asia-Pacific · Europe Global Greens Charter: ecological wisdom · social justice · participatory democracy · nonviolence · sustainability · respect diversity Sustainability is a systemic concept, relating to the continuity of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society. It is intended to be a means of configuring civilization and human activity so that societ ...

Including:

• Sustainability - Definition
• Sustainability - Sustainability Index
• Sustainability - Concepts and issues
• Sustainability - Implementing Agenda 21
• Sustainability - Types of sustainability
• Sustainability - Development sustainability
• Sustainability - Bibliography

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Constitution  • Completed  • Ratified  • Effective September 17, 1787 May 23, 1788 March 4, 1789 The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories with differing degrees of affiliation. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the StatesIncluding:

• United States - History
• United States - Prehistory
• United States - European settlement
• United States - Nationhood
• United States - Civil War
• United States - Expansion
• United States - The 20th Century
• United States - Government
• United States - Republic and suffrage
• United States - Federal government
• United States - State and local governments
• United States - Political divisions
• United States - Foreign relations and military
• United States - Geography and climate
• United States - Largest cities
• United States - Economy
• United States - Transportation
• United States - Society
• United States - Demographics
• United States - Population
• United States - Education
• United States - Language
• United States - Culture
• United States - Sports
• United States - International rankings
• United States - Notes

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Organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Intelligence Agency, generally agree that the group of developed countries include: The following European Union member states: Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal ...

See also:

Developed country, Developed country - Developed countries, Developed country - Other cases

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A notable specialised index type is those for ethical investing indices that include only those companies satisfying ecological or social criteria, e.g. those of The Calvert Group, Domini, Dow Jones Sustainability Index and Wilderhill Clean Energy Index. Another important trend is strict mechanical criteria for inclusion and exclusion to prevent market manipulation, e.g. as in Canada when Nortel was permitted to rise to over 50% of the TSE 300 index value. Ethical indices have a particular interest in mechanical criteria, seeking to a ...

See also:

Stock market index, Stock market index - Types of indices, Stock market index - Weighting, Stock market index - Indices and passive investment management, Stock market index - Ethical stock market indices, Stock market index - Lists

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A notable specialised index type is those for ethical investing indices that include only those companies satisfying ecological or social criteria, e.g. those of The Calvert Group, Domini, and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. Another important trend is strict mechanical criteria for inclusion and exclusion to prevent market manipulation, e.g. as in Canada when Nortel was permitted to rise to over 50% of the TSE 300 index value. Ethical indices have a particular interest in mechanical criteria, seeking to avoid accusations of ideolo ...

See also:

Stock market index, Stock market index - Types of indices, Stock market index - Weighting, Stock market index - Indices and passive investment management, Stock market index - Ethical stock market indices, Stock market index - Lists

Read more here: » Stock market index: Encyclopedia II - Stock market index - Ethical stock market indices

The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI often indicate El Niño episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific Trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern Aus ...

See also:

ENSO, ENSO - El Niño and La Niña, ENSO - ENSO, ENSO - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, ENSO - Non-climate effects, ENSO - ENSO and global warming, ENSO - Causes of El Niño, ENSO - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, ENSO - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, ENSO - Atlantic effect, ENSO - History, ENSO - Related images

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The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI often indicate El Niño episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific Trade winds, and a reduction in rainfall over eastern and northern ...

See also:

El Niño, El Niño - El Niño, El Niño - ENSO, El Niño - Wider effects of El Niño conditions, El Niño - Non-climate effects, El Niño - ENSO and global warming, El Niño - Causes of El Niño, El Niño - La Niña, El Niño - Southern Oscillation Index SOI, El Niño - Western Hemisphere Warm Pool, El Niño - Atlantic effect, El Niño - Related images

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The United States has the largest single-country economy in the world, with a per-capita annual gross domestic product of $41,747 (as of Q2 2005 [1]). In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. This is financed via taxes and borrowings in the money and capital markets. Federal borrowings are subject to borrowing caps to theoretically prevent fiscal irresponsibilty. The cap as of 2004 stands at 8.2 trillion. (Borrowin ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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Because the United States is a relatively young nation, much of the development of U.S. cities has taken place since the invention of the automobile. To link its vast territory, the United States built a network of high-capacity, high-speed highways, of which the most important element is the Interstate Highway system. These highways were commissioned in the 1950s by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and modeled after the German Autobahn. There is also a transcontinental rail system, which is used for moving freight across the lower forty-eight states. Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak, which s ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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United States - Demographics. United States - Population. The mean center of the U.S. population continues to drift farther west and south. The fastest growing region is the West followed by the South. According to Census 2000, the states that saw the greatest increases from 1990 were: Nevada (66.3%), Arizona (40%), Colorado (30.6%), Utah (29.6%), Idaho (28.5%), Georgia (26.4%), Florida (23.5%), Texas (22.8%), North Caro ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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United States - Prehistory. American history began with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2–9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before that population was diminished by European contact and the foreign diseases it brought (although both t ...

See also:

United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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United States - Republic and suffrage. The United States is an example of a constitutional republic, with a government composed of and operating through a set of limited powers imposed by its design and enumerated in the United States Constitution. Specifically, the nation operates as a presidential democracy. There are three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Officials of each of these levels are either elected by eligible voters via secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials. Almost all ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

Read more here: » United States: Encyclopedia II - United States - Government

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying prec ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

Read more here: » United States: Encyclopedia II - United States - Geography and climate

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 11 of the 55 global cities of all types — with three "alpha" global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The figures expressed below are for populations within city limits. A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metro area populations, although the top three would be unchanged. Note that some cities not listed (such as Atlanta, Boston, Las Vegas, Miami, New Orleans, Seattle, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.) are still considered important on the basis of ot ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th Century, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Largest cities, United States - Economy, United States - Transportation, United States - Society, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - Education, United States - Language, United States - Culture, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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Because the automobile industry took off very early in United States (when compared to other Western nations) much of the development of U.S. urban areas has taken place around the concept of creating cities and residential areas to suit the needs of road vehicles. The automobile industry was quick to attain influence in government and media alike, and was also the force behind the dismantling of the electric rail transport systems or trolleys in over 40 U.S. cities through a subsidiary called National City Lines. To link its vast territory, ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th century, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Geography, United States - Climate, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State tribal and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Economy, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - People and culture, United States - Language, United States - Largest cities, United States - Education, United States - Transportation, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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The major team sports in America are home-grown. American football, baseball (often called "The National Pastime"), auto racing (especially NASCAR), and basketball, are the top four main sports in America. Ice hockey is also popular in the U.S., especially in the Upper Midwest and Northeast. Although it is currently one of the most played sports amongst American youth, soccer does not have a particularly large following in the U.S. in contrast to its extreme popularity in most other countries. Nevertheless, the U.S. did host the World Cup in ...

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United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th century, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Geography, United States - Climate, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State tribal and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Economy, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - People and culture, United States - Language, United States - Largest cities, United States - Education, United States - Transportation, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

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United States - Prehistory. American history began with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge some time prior to 12,000 years ago, possibly following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2–9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before that population was diminished by European contact and the foreign diseases it brought ( ...

See also:

United States, United States - History, United States - Prehistory, United States - European settlement, United States - Nationhood, United States - Civil War, United States - Expansion, United States - The 20th century, United States - Geography and climate, United States - Geography, United States - Climate, United States - Government, United States - Republic and suffrage, United States - Federal government, United States - State tribal and local governments, United States - Political divisions, United States - Foreign relations and military, United States - Economy, United States - Demographics, United States - Population, United States - People and culture, United States - Language, United States - Largest cities, United States - Education, United States - Transportation, United States - Sports, United States - International rankings, United States - Notes

Read more here: » United States: Encyclopedia II - United States - History