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Sustainability | A Wisdom Archive on Sustainability | | Sustainability Articles and sitemap to pages related to Sustainability | |
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sustainability, Sustainability, Sustainability - Bibliography, Sustainability - Concepts and issues, Sustainability - Definition, Sustainability - Development sustainability, Sustainability - Implementing Agenda 21, Sustainability - Sustainability Index, Sustainability - Types of sustainability, Spirituality
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Sustainability | | | |  Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The recent North American instanceRegarding North America, many individual persons and households have moved from urban or suburban circumstances to rural ones at different times; for instance, the economic theorist and land-based American experimenter Ralph Borsodi is said to have influenced thousands of urban-living people to try a modern homesteading life during the Great Depression.
There was again a fair degree of interest in moving to rural land after World War II. In 1947 Betty MacDonald published what became a popular book, The Egg and I, telling her st ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Related topics, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The recent North American instance |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Stream - Other names for streams In the United Kingdom, there are several regional names for a stream:
Beck is used in Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria.
Brook is used in the Midlands.
Burn is used in Scotland and North East England.
Stream is limited to Southern England.
In North America:
Kill in New York and New Jersey comes from a Dutch language word, as in Peekskill (Peek's Kill), Fishkill (Fish Kill), and Fresh Kills.
Branch, fork, or prong can refer to tributaries t ...
See also:Stream, Stream - Types of water streams, Stream - Other names for streams, Stream - Parts of a stream, Stream - Characteristics of streams, Stream - Intermittent and ephemeral streams, Stream - Watersheds Read more here: » Stream: Encyclopedia II - Stream - Other names for streams |
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| | | | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology
Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity.
Main articles: Biosphere, Biodiversity, Unified neutral theory of biodiversity
For modern ecologists, ecology can be studied at several levels: population level (individuals of the same species), biocoenosis level (or community of species), ecosystem level, and biosphere level.
The outer layer of the planet Earth can be divided into several compartments: the hydrosphere (or sphere of water), the lithosphere (or sphere of soils and rocks), and the atmosphe ...
See also:Ecology, Ecology - Scope, Ecology - Disciplines of ecology, Ecology - History of ecology, Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology, Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity, Ecology - The ecosystem concept, Ecology - Dynamics and stability, Ecology - Spatial relationships and subdivisions of land, Ecology - Ecosystem productivity, Ecology - Ecological crisis Read more here: » Ecology: Encyclopedia II - Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology |
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| | | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Green Party United States - History
Green Party United States - Founding.
Largely inspired by the success of the German Green Party, political activists in the United States formed the Committees of Correspondence in 1984, later to be known as the Green Committees of Correspondence (GCOC). The GCOC adopted the Ten Key Values as their philosophical basis, loosely based on the Four Pillars that most European Greens use. ...
See also:Green Party United States, Green Party United States - Ten Key Values of the Green Party, Green Party United States - History, Green Party United States - Founding, Green Party United States - National organizing and campaigns, Green Party United States - National party co-chairs, Green Party United States - Geographic distribution, Green Party United States - 2004 national ticket, Green Party United States - List of presidential candidates, Green Party United States - List of National Conventions/Conferences, Green Party United States - Sources Read more here: » Green Party United States: Encyclopedia II - Green Party United States - History |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The few who succeeded Generally, the back-to-the-landers who stayed on the land had three attributes in common:
Source of regular cash income from external sources
Married or in a relationship with someone with a comparable level of commitment
Previous exposure to rural living
Those who succeeded were realistic about their financial needs. Many had flexible occupations—like writing and other creative work, or a trade—that they could engage in from their home. Others had steady, if less glamorous, jobs in a nearby t ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The few who succeeded |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Related fields
Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning.
Urban planning, regional planning and spatial planning use the science of geography to assist in determining how to develop (or not develop) the land to meet particular criteria, such as safety, beauty, economic opportunities, the preservation of the built or natural heritage, etcetera. The planning of towns, cities and rural areas may be seen as applied geography although it also draws heavily upon the arts, the sciences and lessons of history. Some of the issues facing planning are considered briefly under the headings of ...
See also:Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Related fields |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Ecology - Scope Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids (in biochemistry and molecular biology), to cells (in cellular biology), to individuals (in botany, zoology, and other similar disciplines), and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole; these latter strata are the primary subjects of ecological inquiries. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of ...
See also:Ecology, Ecology - Scope, Ecology - Disciplines of ecology, Ecology - History of ecology, Ecology - Fundamental principles of ecology, Ecology - Biosphere and biodiversity, Ecology - The ecosystem concept, Ecology - Dynamics and stability, Ecology - Spatial relationships and subdivisions of land, Ecology - Ecosystem productivity, Ecology - Ecological crisis Read more here: » Ecology: Encyclopedia II - Ecology - Scope |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The target lifestyle As a general rule, those who "went back to the land" in this period felt neither desirous nor capable of managing a sizable acreage. Many of the smallholdings of the period were in the range of five to 20 acreas — though some were smaller and some were larger.
Most of the back-to-the-landers wanted greater contact with nature, and sought to become self-employed workers in a cottage industry. Many wished to build their own house, and produce a good deal of their own food. Solar energy was sometimes used for either heat or electricity ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The target lifestyle |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The few who succeeded Generally, the back-to-the-landers who stayed on the land shared three common traits:
Source of regular income from external sources
Married or in a relationship with someone with a comparable level of commitment
Previous exposure to rural living
Many had flexible occupations—like writing and other creative work, or a trade—that they could engage in from their home. Others had steady, if less glamorous, jobs in a nearby town. Those who succeeded were people could readily acquire skills in gard ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Related topics, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The few who succeeded |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The end of the movement? There is no well-defined event that can be used to mark the end of the era. A factor that came into play was the increased cost of rural land parcels; at the start of the back-to-the-land trend, previously low demand for rural properties in many areas meant that they fetched low prices in the real estate market, but this changed after some years of increased buyer interest. Also, rising urban prosperity, and a sense that the earlier social problems were solved (though we still hear about many of them in the media), led to reduc ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The end of the movement? |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Green Party United States - 2004 national ticket In the 2004 presidential election, the candidate of the Green Party of the United States for President was Texas attorney and GPUS legal counsel David Cobb, and its candidate for vice-president was labor activist Pat LaMarche of Maine.
In 2004, Ralph Nader, the Party's 2000 candidate for President, after a dismal response from green leadership, announced that he would run as an independent candidate. Mr. Nader explained that he was not seeking the Green Party's nomination. Mr. Nader's position was confusing to some Greens, because Nad ...
See also:Green Party United States, Green Party United States - Ten Key Values of the Green Party, Green Party United States - History, Green Party United States - Founding, Green Party United States - National organizing and campaigns, Green Party United States - National party co-chairs, Green Party United States - Geographic distribution, Green Party United States - 2004 national ticket, Green Party United States - List of presidential candidates, Green Party United States - List of National Conventions/Conferences, Green Party United States - Sources Read more here: » Green Party United States: Encyclopedia II - Green Party United States - 2004 national ticket |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Geographic techniques As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS).
Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of ...
See also:Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - Geographic techniques |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Futures workshops Future workshops were developed by Robert Jungk in order to allow anybody to become involved in creating their preferred future rather than being subjected to decisions made by experts. Future workshops are very strongly action oriented. They aim, first to imagine the desired future, and then to plan it and implement it.
Future workshops have four distinctive phases:
[1] In the first preparatory phase the issue that will be considered is identified and the structure and details of sessions are arranged.
[2] The operative phase involves clarification of the issue considered and articu ...
See also:Futures techniques, Futures techniques - Anticipatory thinking tutures, Futures techniques - Causal layered analysis CLA, Futures techniques - Environmental scanning, Futures techniques - Morphological analysis, Futures techniques - Scenario planning, Futures techniques - Delphi method, Futures techniques - Future history, Futures techniques - Monitoring, Futures techniques - Backcasting eco-history, Futures techniques - Back-view mirror analysis, Futures techniques - Cross-impact analysis, Futures techniques - Futures workshops, Futures techniques - Failure mode and effects analysis, Futures techniques - Futures biographies, Futures techniques - Futures wheel, Futures techniques - Relevance tree, Futures techniques - Simulation and modelling, Futures techniques - Social network analysis, Futures techniques - Systems engineering, Futures techniques - Trend analysis, Futures techniques - Adaptive role-playing Read more here: » Futures techniques: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Futures workshops |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Simulation and modelling Simulation and modelling are computer-based tools developed to represent reality. They are widely used to analyse behaviours and to understand processes. Models allow demonstration of past changes as well as the examination of various transformations and their impact on each other and other considered factors.
They can help to understand the connections between factors and events and to examine their dynamics. Simulation is a process that represents a structure and change of a system. In simulation some aspects of reality are duplicat ...
See also:Futures techniques, Futures techniques - Anticipatory thinking tutures, Futures techniques - Causal layered analysis CLA, Futures techniques - Environmental scanning, Futures techniques - Morphological analysis, Futures techniques - Scenario planning, Futures techniques - Delphi method, Futures techniques - Future history, Futures techniques - Monitoring, Futures techniques - Backcasting eco-history, Futures techniques - Back-view mirror analysis, Futures techniques - Cross-impact analysis, Futures techniques - Futures workshops, Futures techniques - Failure mode and effects analysis, Futures techniques - Futures biographies, Futures techniques - Futures wheel, Futures techniques - Relevance tree, Futures techniques - Simulation and modelling, Futures techniques - Social network analysis, Futures techniques - Systems engineering, Futures techniques - Trend analysis, Futures techniques - Adaptive role-playing Read more here: » Futures techniques: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Simulation and modelling |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - A recurring pattern By way of context, a few things may be usefully said. The American poet/anthropologist Gary Snyder (who is also an amateur historian) has related in a published interview that there have been back-to-the-land population movements down through the centuries. These have happened in different parts of the world, largely due to the occurrence of severe urban problems and people's felt need to live a better life, often simply to survive.
The historian and philosopher of urbanism Jane Jacobs remarked in interview with Stewart Brand that with the Fall of Rome c ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - A recurring pattern |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Backcasting eco-history It is a technique that often is pointed out as an opposite to forecasting. It involves identification of a particular scenario and tracing its origins and lines of development back to the present.
Futures techniques - Back-view mirror analysis.
It builds upon the assumption that any future oriented group process has to manage peoples’ difficulties in thinking into the future. These difficulties can arise from the fea ...
See also:Futures techniques, Futures techniques - Anticipatory thinking tutures, Futures techniques - Causal layered analysis CLA, Futures techniques - Environmental scanning, Futures techniques - Morphological analysis, Futures techniques - Scenario planning, Futures techniques - Delphi method, Futures techniques - Future history, Futures techniques - Monitoring, Futures techniques - Backcasting eco-history, Futures techniques - Back-view mirror analysis, Futures techniques - Cross-impact analysis, Futures techniques - Futures workshops, Futures techniques - Failure mode and effects analysis, Futures techniques - Futures biographies, Futures techniques - Futures wheel, Futures techniques - Relevance tree, Futures techniques - Simulation and modelling, Futures techniques - Social network analysis, Futures techniques - Systems engineering, Futures techniques - Trend analysis, Futures techniques - Adaptive role-playing Read more here: » Futures techniques: Encyclopedia II - Futures techniques - Backcasting eco-history |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Geography - History of geography The Greeks are the first known culture to actively explore geography as a science and philosophy. Mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands added new techniques. During the Middle Ages, Arabs such as Idrisi, Ibn Batutta, and Ibn Khaldun maintained the Greek and Roman techniques and developed new ones.
Following the journeys of Marco Polo, interest in geography spread throughout Europe. The great voyages of exploration in 16th and 17th centuries revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail, and more solid theoretical fou ...
See also:Geography, Geography - Structure of geography, Geography - Physical geography, Geography - Human geography, Geography - Socio-environmental geography, Geography - Historical geography, Geography - History of geography, Geography - Geographic techniques, Geography - Related fields, Geography - Urban regional and spatial planning, Geography - Regional science, Geography - Reference Read more here: » Geography: Encyclopedia II - Geography - History of geography |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - A recurring pattern By way of context, a few things may be usefully said. The American poet/anthropologist Gary Snyder (who is also an amateur historian) has related in a published interview that there have been back-to-the-land population movements down through the centuries. These have happened in different parts of the world, largely due to the occurrence of severe urban problems and people's felt need to live a better life, often simply to survive.
The historian and philosopher of urbanism Jane Jacobs remarked in interview with Stewart Brand that with the Fall of Rome c ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Related topics, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - A recurring pattern |
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| | | | | Sustainability: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The target lifestyle As a general rule, those who "went back to the land" in this period felt neither desirous nor capable of managing a sizable acreage. Many of the smallholdings of the period were in the range of five to 20 acreas — though some were smaller and some were larger.
Most of the back-to-the-landers wanted greater contact with nature, and sought to become self-employed workers in a cottage industry. Many wished to build their own house, and produce a good deal of their own food. Solar energy was sometimes used for either heat or electricity ...
See also:Back to the land, Back to the land - A recurring pattern, Back to the land - The recent North American instance, Back to the land - The target lifestyle, Back to the land - The few who succeeded, Back to the land - The many who returned, Back to the land - The end of the movement?, Back to the land - Related topics, Back to the land - Bibliography Read more here: » Back to the land: Encyclopedia II - Back to the land - The target lifestyle |
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