Soot, also called lampblack, Pigment Black 7, or carbon black, is a dark powdery deposit of unburned fuel residues, usually composed mainly of amorphous carbon, that accumulates in chimneys, automobile mufflers and other surfaces exposed to smoke—especially from the combustion of carbon-rich organic fuels in the lack of sufficient oxygen. Lampblack has been used as the black pigment in paints and inks since prehistoric times, and is still widely used in printing inks, toners for xerography, laser printers ...

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Activated carbon (also called activated charcoal) is the more general term which includes carbon material mostly derived from charcoal. It denotes a material which has an exceptionally high surface area, typically determined by nitrogen adsorption, and includes a large amount of microporosity. Sufficient activation for useful applications may come solely from the high surface area, though often further chemical treatment is used to enhance the adsorbing properties of the material. Activated carbon - ProductionIncluding:

• Activated carbon - Production
• Activated carbon - Properties
• Activated carbon - Applications
• Activated carbon - Environmental applications
• Activated carbon - Medical applications
• Activated carbon - Gas purification

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In three-dimensional Euclidean geometry, a sphere is the set of points in R3 which are at distance r from a fixed point of that space, where r is a positive real number called the radius of the sphere. The fixed point is called the center or centre, and is not part of the sphere itself. The special case of r = 1 is called a unit sphere. Sphere - Equations. In analytic geometry, a sphere with center (x0, y0, z0) and radius r is the set of all points (x, y, z< ...

See also:

Sphere, Sphere - Geometry, Sphere - Equations, Sphere - Terminology, Sphere - Generalization to other dimensions, Sphere - Generalization to metric spaces, Sphere - Topology

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Aquatic respiration refers to the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from the surrounding water. The level of oxygen in water is low, and can be very low. Very small organisms can obtain sufficient oxygen through the skin (e.g. flatworms) but larger organisms must have special structures, such as gills, and must have ways of increasing water flow over those structures. Fish have developed gills for respiration which have: large surface area High blood flow small/short diffusio ...

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An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. Alkanes are also often known as paraffins, or collectively as the paraffin series; these terms, however, are also used to apply only to alkanes whose carbon atoms form a single, unbranched chain; when this is done, branched-chain alkanes are called isoparaffins. Alkanes are aliphatic compounds. The general formu ...

Including:

• Alkane - Isomerism
• Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes
• Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains
• Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains
• Alkane - Trivial names
• Alkane - Occurrence
• Alkane - Purification and use
• Alkane - Preparation
• Alkane - Molecular geometry
• Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles
• Alkane - Conformation
• Alkane - Properties
• Alkane - Physical properties
• Alkane - Chemical properties
• Alkane - Thermochemistry
• Alkane - Spectroscopic properties
• Alkane - Reactions
• Alkane - Reactions with oxygen
• Alkane - Reactions with halogens
• Alkane - Cracking and reforming
• Alkane - Other reactions
• Alkane - Hazards
• Alkane - Alkanes in nature
• Alkane - Bacteria and archaea
• Alkane - Fungi and plants
• Alkane - Animals
• Alkane - Ecological relations

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Bone char, also known as bone black or animal charcoal, is a granular black material produced by calcinating animal bones: the bones are heated to high temperatures in the absence of air to drive off volatile substances. It consists mainly of calcium phosphate and a small amount of carbon. Bone char has a very high surface area and a high absorptive capacity for lead, mercury, and arsenic. Bone char - Uses. Bone char is used to remove fluoride from water and to filter aquarium water.Including:

• Bone char - Uses

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A busbar (occasionally pronounced "buzz bar") refers in electrical power distribution to thick strips of copper or other material that conduct electricity around a switchboard, distribution board or other electrical apparatus. The size of the busbar determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Small distribution boards or consumer units may have busbars which have a cross sectional area of as little as 10 mm2 but large electrical substations may use metal t ...

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A sphere is a perfectly symmetrical geometrical object. In mathematics, the term refers to the surface or boundary of a ball, but in non-mathematical usage, the term is used to refer either to a three-dimensional ball or to its surface. This article deals with the mathematical concept of sphere. Sphere - Geometry. In three-dimensional Euclidean geometry, a sphere is the set of points in R3 which are at distance r from a fixed point of that space, where r is a po ...

Including:

• Sphere - Geometry
• Sphere - Equations
• Sphere - Terminology
• Sphere - Generalization to other dimensions
• Sphere - Generalization to metric spaces
• Sphere - Topology

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The telencephalon (te-len-seff-a-lon) is the technical name for a large region within the brain which is attributed many functions, which some groups would class as unique features which make humans stand out from other species. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum, but due to naming conventions of organs, is technically refered to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, despite the fact tha ...

Including:

• Telencephalon - Structure
• Telencephalon - Composition
• Telencephalon - Functions
• Telencephalon - Language and communication
• Telencephalon - Movement
• Telencephalon - Olfaction
• Telencephalon - Memory
• Telencephalon - Emotion
• Telencephalon - Programmed cell death
• Telencephalon - Purpose
• Telencephalon - Effects
• Telencephalon - Stages
• Telencephalon - Cell regeneration
• Telencephalon - Xenopus laevis

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Infinity is a term with very distinct, separate meanings which arise in theology, philosophy, mathematics and everyday life. Popular or colloquial usage of the term often does not accord with its more technical meanings. The word infinity comes from Latin : "Infinito", unending. In theology, for example in the work of theologians such as Duns Scotus, the infinite nature of God invokes a sense of being without constraint, rather than a sense of being unlimited in quantity. In philosophy, infinity can be attrib ...

Including:

• Infinity - History
• Infinity - Ancient view of infinity
• Infinity - Views from the Renaissance to modern times
• Infinity - Modern philosophical views
• Infinity - Infinity symbol
• Infinity - Mathematical infinity
• Infinity - Infinity in real analysis
• Infinity - Infinity in complex analysis
• Infinity - Arithmetic properties of infinity
• Infinity - Infinity in set theory
• Infinity - Mathematics without infinity
• Infinity - Use of infinity in common speech
• Infinity - Physical infinity
• Infinity - Infinity in cosmology
• Infinity - Three types of infinities
• Infinity - Infinity in science fiction
• Infinity - Note

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Winter is one of the four seasons of temperate zones. It is the season with the shortest days and the lowest temperatures. In areas further from the equator, winter is often marked by snow. Depending on place and culture, what is considered to be the start and end of winter vary. Contemporary meteorology takes winter to be the months of December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the Southern Hemisphere. However, many cultures in Europe consider winter to begin in Novem ...

Including:

• Winter - Meteorological aspects
• Winter - Time period of winter
• Winter - What causes winter
• Winter - Activities
• Winter - Snow activities
• Winter - Ice activities
• Winter - Ecology
• Winter - Animals
• Winter - Plants
• Winter - Psychology
• Winter - The symbolism of winter
• Winter - Mythological explanations of winter
• Winter - Exceptional winters

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Coal dust is a fine powder form of coal. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust may occur during mining or transportation, or whenever coal is handled mechanically. Coal dust - Risks. Coal dust suspended in air is explosive. Coal dust has far more surface area per unit weight than chunks of coal, and is more susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Note this may mean that a nearly empty coal store is a greater explosion risk than a full one. Coal workers' Pneumoconiosis, or bl ...

Including:

• Coal dust - Risks
• Coal dust - Coal dust in energy generation

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In anatomy, the cuboid bone is a bone in the foot. In geometry, a cuboid is a solid figure bounded by six rectangular faces: a rectangular box. All angles are right angles, and opposite faces of a cuboid are equal. It is also a right rectangular prism. The term "rectangular prism" is ambiguous. Also the term rectangular parallelepiped is used. The square cuboid, square box or right square prism (also ambiguously called square prism) is a special case of the cuboid in which at least two faces are squares. The cube is a special case of the ...

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Curvature is the amount by which a geometric object deviates from being flat. The word flat might have very different meanings depending on the objects considered (for curves it is a straight line and for surfaces it is a Euclidean plane). For example, curvature of a circle is the inverse of its radius. Smaller circles bend more sharply, and hence have higher curvature. Further, curvature of a smooth curve is defined as the curvature of its osculating circle at each point. In a plane, this is a scalar quantity, bu ...

Including:

• Curvature - Curvature of plane curves
• Curvature - Local expressions
• Curvature - Example
• Curvature - Curvature of space curves
• Curvature - Curvature of surfaces in 3-space
• Curvature - Curvature of space

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In mathematics, a cylinder is a quadric, i.e. a three-dimensional surface, with the following equation in Cartesian coordinates: This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, circular cylinder (a = b). Even more general is the generalized cylinder: the cross-section can be any curve. The cylinder is a degenerate quadric because at least one of the coordinates (in this case z) does not appear in the equation. By some definiti ...

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The dartos is a layer of smooth muscular fiber. In males it is termed tunica dartos and lies beneath the skin of the scrotum. In females, the same muscle fibers are less well developed and termed dartos mulierbris, lying beneath the skin of the labia majora. The tunica dartos acts to regulate the temperature of the testicles, which promotes spermatogenesis. It does this by expanding or contracting to wrinkle the scrotal skin. Contraction reduces the surface area available for heat loss, thus reducing heat loss and ...

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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. CAM is usually found in plants living under arid conditions, including those found in the desert (for example, cacti or pineapple). It is named after the plant family it was first discovered in, the Crassulaceae. Crassulacean acid metabolism - Synopsis. Plants that are adapted to dry climates are called xerophytes. Some of these plants have small, thick leaves with a reduced surface area. They may a ...

Including:

• Crassulacean acid metabolism - Synopsis

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A conic solid is the locus of all line segments between a simply connected region of a plane (the base) and a point (the apex) outside the plane. It is the generalization of a pyramid to non-polygonal bases. Cones are also conic solids. The volume of any conic solid is one third the area of the base times the height (the perpendicular distance from the base to the apex). This can be proven with calculus by approximating the conic solid with pyramids, and letting the number of pyramids increase without bound, so the sum of their volum ...

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Cocktail glass (martini glass) Collins glass Champagne flute Highball glass Pint glass Pilsner glass Shot glass The champagne flute is a piece of stemware with unique characteristics. It has a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl on top. The shape of the stemware is designed to keep the Champagne desirable during its consumption. The glass is designed to be held by the stem to help prevent the heat from the hand from warming the champagne. The bowl itself is designed in a manner to help retain the signature carbonation in the beverage. This is achieved by ...

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An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. Aquarium keeping is a popular hobby around the world, with about 60 million enthusiasts worldwide. From the 1850s, when the predecessor of the modern aquarium ...

Including:

• Aquarium - History and development
• Aquarium - Etymology
• Aquarium - Ancient practices
• Aquarium - Glass enclosures
• Aquarium - Popularization
• Aquarium - Function and design
• Aquarium - Design
• Aquarium - Classifications
• Aquarium - Species selection
• Aquarium - Source of aquarium inhabitants
• Aquarium - Ecology
• Aquarium - Nitrogen cycle
• Aquarium - Other nutrient cycles
• Aquarium - Biological loading
• Aquarium - Public aquaria

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