Sultanate of Rüm

In the 1070s, Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah, the ruler of Great Seljuk, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (Iznik) and Nicomedia (Izmit). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at Nicaea. The Sultanate expanded, but when Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, the dynasty saw a certain end when Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died ...

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Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty

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Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam
Including:

• History of Islam - Introduction
• History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography
• History of Islam - Muhammad
• History of Islam - The spread of Islam
• History of Islam - The Fitna
• History of Islam - The Second Fitna
• History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power
• History of Islam - The decline of political unity
• History of Islam - The Ottoman empire
• History of Islam - Three Muslim empires
• History of Islam - The 20th century
• History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East
• History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis
• History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan
• History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel
• History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East
• History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions
• History of Islam - Present day
• History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism
• History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth
• History of Islam - Chronology
• History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers
• History of Islam - References and further reading

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1077 - Events. January 26 - Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea Süleyman I of Rüm becomes the leader of the Sultanate of Rüm in modern Turkey Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes leader of the Khwarezmid Empire in modern Turkey Foundation of the kingdom of Duklja K ...

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• 1077 - Events
• 1077 - Deaths

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For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1256 - Events. 1256 - Europe. April 13 - Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull constituting the Augustinian monastic order. The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus. Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. ...

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• 1256 - Events
• 1256 - Europe
• 1256 - Asia
• 1256 - Births
• 1256 - Deaths

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For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. 1277 - Events. Burma's Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, at Yunnan near the Chinese border. Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading Mongol Empire. They also stayed for a short period in Kowloon. Some hundred years later the place where they st ...

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• 1277 - Events
• 1277 - Births
• 1277 - Deaths

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt An ...

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First Crusade - The Council of Clermont. Main article: Council of Clermont In March of 1095 Alexius I sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza to ask Urban for aid against the Turks. The emperor's request met with a favourable response from Urban, who hoped to heal the Great Schism of 40 years prior and re-unite the Church under papal supremacy as "chief bishop and prelate over the whole world" (as he referred to himself at ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

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1270s - Europe. 1271 - July 2 - Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II. 1272 - Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom. 1272 - King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro. 1273 - September 29 - Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany ov ...

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1270s, 1270s - War and politics, 1270s - Europe, 1270s - Asia and Africa, 1270s - Americas, 1270s - Culture, 1270s - Science literature and industry, 1270s - Art architecture and music, 1270s - Religion, 1270s - Births, 1270s - Deaths

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Byzantine emperor Alexius I chose not to accompany the crusaders, but marched out behind them and made his camp at nearby Pelecanum. From there, he sent boats, rolled over the land, to help the crusaders blockade Lake Ascanius, which had up to this point been used by the Turks to supply Nicaea with food. The boats, filled with Turcopoles, arrived on June 17, under the command of Manuel Boutoumites. The generals Taticius and Tzitas were also sent, with 2000 peltasts. The Turkish inhabitants of Nicaea had already written to Alexius requesting ...

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Siege of Nicaea, Siege of Nicaea - Background, Siege of Nicaea - Crusader siege, Siege of Nicaea - Defeat of Kilij Arslan, Siege of Nicaea - Byzantine arrival, Siege of Nicaea - Aftermath, Siege of Nicaea - Sources

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The modern age brought radical technological and organizational changes to Europe and Islamic countries found themselves less modern when compared to the many western nations. Europe's state-based government and rampant colonization allowed the West to dominate the globe economically and forced Islamic countries to question change. History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East. Islamic territories were granted at least nominal independence after the end of the First Wor ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

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After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade of 1101 there were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoli, was established in 1109. Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the Ortoqids, Danishmends, and Seljuk Turks. Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after ...

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Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location. In and around what is now Bulgaria Third Bulgarian Kingdom (1878-1944) Principality of Bulgaria (1878-1908) Commonwealth of England - (non-existant) In and around what is now Scandinavia Grand Duchy of Finland Kalmar Union - (dissolved) Denmark-Norway - (dissolved) Sweden-Norway - (dissolved) In and around what is n ...

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List of extinct states, List of extinct states - Ancient and medieval states, List of extinct states - Ancient Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - South Asia, List of extinct states - China and South East Asia, List of extinct states - Pre-Columbian Americas, List of extinct states - Medieval Europe North Africa and the Near East, List of extinct states - Modern states, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by geographical location, List of extinct states - States and territories grouped by type

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1256 - Europe. April 13 - Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull constituting the Augustinian monastic order. The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus. Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. 1256 - Asia. October - Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's co ...

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1256, 1256 - Events, 1256 - Europe, 1256 - Asia, 1256 - Births, 1256 - Deaths

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1250s - Mongol Empire. 1251 - Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. 1253 - Galicia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire. 1253 - The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo. 1253 - The Mongol Empire destroys the Kingdom of Dali (Yunnan) in Laos and incorporates the region into their empire. 1253 - Kublai Khan introduces the baisha xiyue song and dance suite to the music of Yunnan.See also:

1250s, 1250s - War and politics, 1250s - Mongol Empire, 1250s - Europe, 1250s - Asia and Africa, 1250s - Culture, 1250s - Science and literature, 1250s - Art and architecture, 1250s - Cities and institutions, 1250s - Religion, 1250s - Births, 1250s - Deaths

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The German crusaders, consisting of Franconians, Bavarians, and Swabians, left by land, also in May 1147. Ottokar III of Styria joined Conrad at Vienna, and Conrad's enemy Geza II of Hungary was finally convinced to let them pass through unharmed. When the army arrived in Byzantine territory, Manuel feared they were going to attack him, and Byzantine troops were posted to ensure that there was no trouble. There was a brief skirmish with some of the more unruly Germans near Philippopolis and in Adrianople, where the Byzantine general Prosouch ...

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Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

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The French crusaders departed from Metz in June, led by Louis, Thierry of Alsace, Renaut I of Bar, Amadeus III of Savoy, William VII of Auvergne, William III of Montferrat, and others, along with armies from Lorraine, Brittany, Burgundy, and Aquitaine. A force from Provence, led by Alphonse of Toulouse, chose to wait until August, and to cross by sea. At Worms, Louis joined with crusaders from Normandy and England. They followed Conrad’s route fairly peacefully, although Louis came into conflict with Geza of Hungary when Geza discovered Louis had allow ...

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Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

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Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern ...

See also:

History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

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Lists of office-holders - Ancient world. Akkad Kings of Akkad Gutian kings Assyria Kings of Assyria Athens King of Athens Archons of Athens Axumite Kingdom Kings of Axum Babylon Kings of Babylon Bithynia Kings of Bithynia British Isles Great Britain Legendary Kings of the Britons Roman ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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Lists of office-holders - Australia. Premiers of New South Wales Premiers of Queensland Premiers of South Australia Premiers of Tasmania Premiers of Victoria Premier of Western Australia Heads of Government of Norfolk Island Chief Minister of the Northern Territory Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory Governors of New South Wales Governors of Queensland Governors of South AustraliaSee also:

Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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