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sultanate | A Wisdom Archive on sultanate | | sultanate A selection of articles related to sultanate | |
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sultanate
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO sultanate | | | | |  sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Sultanate of Rüm - EstablishmentIn the 1070s, Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah, the ruler of Great Seljuk, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (Iznik) and Nicomedia (Izmit). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at Nicaea. The Sultanate expanded, but when Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, the dynasty saw a certain end when Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died ...
See also:Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty Read more here: » Sultanate of Rüm: Encyclopedia II - Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of Indonesia - Pre-colonial civilizations By the time of the European Renaissance, the two largest islands in what is now Indonesia, Java and Sumatra had already seen over a millennia of civilization and two major empires.
History of Indonesia - Kingdom of Mataram.
For full coverage, see Kingdom of Mataram
Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java (the area surrounding modern-day Yogjakarta) between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. The centre of the kingdom was moved from Central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok. The move may have been caus ...
See also:History of Indonesia, History of Indonesia - Prehistory, History of Indonesia - Early settlement, History of Indonesia - Pre-colonial civilizations, History of Indonesia - Kingdom of Mataram, History of Indonesia - Srivijaya Empire, History of Indonesia - Singhasari and the Majapahit Empire, History of Indonesia - Sultanate of Mataram, History of Indonesia - Colonial era, History of Indonesia - Dutch East-India Company, History of Indonesia - Dutch state rule, History of Indonesia - Early nationalist groups, History of Indonesia - World War II, History of Indonesia - Japanese occupation, History of Indonesia - Nationalist Revolution, History of Indonesia - Independence era, History of Indonesia - Guided Democracy, History of Indonesia - West Irian question, History of Indonesia - Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, History of Indonesia - Civil War, History of Indonesia - New Order era, History of Indonesia - Act of Free Choice, History of Indonesia - Annexation of East Timor, History of Indonesia - Transmigration, History of Indonesia - Pro-democracy movement, History of Indonesia - Fiscal crisis, History of Indonesia - Reformation era, History of Indonesia - East Timorese Independence, History of Indonesia - Wahid administration, History of Indonesia - Megawati administration, History of Indonesia - Yudhoyono administration, History of Indonesia - References and further reading Read more here: » History of Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - History of Indonesia - Pre-colonial civilizations |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War
Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia.
The border between Armenia and Turkey was defined in the Treaty of Sèvres, but the Turks refused to accept this border due to its existence in the Treaty of Sèvres and attacked the Armenian Republic. There was a newly proclaimed Armenian Republic, Georgia, and Bolsheviks against the nationalists.
One of the most important fights had been in this border. Even though there is a pressing Greek danger on the west as the Greeks were advancing very rap ...
See also:Turkish War of Independence, Turkish War of Independence - The Precursors, Turkish War of Independence - Initial Organization May 1919-March 1920, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Agreement, Turkish War of Independence - Erzurum Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Balıkesir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Alaşehir Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Sivas Congress, Turkish War of Independence - Amasya Protocole, Turkish War of Independence - Jurisdictional Conflict March 1920 - March 1922, Turkish War of Independence - Grand National Assembly, Turkish War of Independence - Breaking the links, Turkish War of Independence - Organizing an Army, Turkish War of Independence - Stage for Peace March 1922- April 1923, Turkish War of Independence - The Armistice of Mudanya, Turkish War of Independence - Conference and Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish War of Independence - The Republic, Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War, Turkish War of Independence - East-Armenian & Georgia, Turkish War of Independence - West Greek-English, Turkish War of Independence - South, Turkish War of Independence - El cezire, Turkish War of Independence - Pontus, Turkish War of Independence - Timeline Read more here: » Turkish War of Independence: Encyclopedia II - Turkish War of Independence - Theatres of the War |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Yogyakarta - History The sultanate of Yogyakarta, formally the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, was formed in 1755 when the existing Sultanate of Mataram was divided by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in two under the Treaty of Giyanti. This treaty states that the Sultanate of Mataram was divided into the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat with Yogyakarta as the capital and Mangkubumi who became Sultan Hamengkubuwono I the sultan and the Sultanate of Surakarta Hadiningrat with Surakarta as the capital and Pakubuwono III who was the ruler of the Sul ...
See also:Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta - Geography, Yogyakarta - History, Yogyakarta - The city, Yogyakarta - The province, Yogyakarta - Arts and culture, Yogyakarta - Education, Yogyakarta - Transportation, Yogyakarta - Reference Read more here: » Yogyakarta: Encyclopedia II - Yogyakarta - History |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Córdoba, Spain - History of Córdoba
Córdoba, Spain - Roman Córdoba in Hispania Baetica.
In Roman times, the city had more cultural buildings than Rome. It was the capital of the province of Hispania Baetica. Remains of the Roman Temple built by Claudius Marcellus, the Roman Bridge (illustration, right) and other Roman remains can still be seen around the city.
Córdoba, Spain - Caliphate of Córdoba.
Córdoba (Arabic قرطبه Qurṭubah) was conquered by the Moors in 711, and Moori ...
See also:Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba, Spain - History of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain - Roman Córdoba in Hispania Baetica, Córdoba, Spain - Caliphate of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain - Christian Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain - Modern Córdoba Read more here: » Córdoba, Spain: Encyclopedia II - Córdoba, Spain - History of Córdoba |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Sudan - Status of Religious Freedom The Constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, in practice the Government continues to impose many restrictions on non-Muslims, non-Arab Muslims, and those from tribes and sects not affiliated with the ruling party, such as in Darfur and the Nuba Mountains. Although the Government has not interfered with actual worship and does not arrest or detain persons for practicing their religion per se, it treats its form of Islam as the state religion and has declared that Islam must inspire the country's laws, institutions, and policies. The Constitution provi ...
See also:Islam in Sudan, Islam in Sudan - Ethnicity of the Muslim population in Sudan, Islam in Sudan - Arabs, Islam in Sudan - Nubians, Islam in Sudan - Beja, Islam in Sudan - Fur, Islam in Sudan - Zaghawa, Islam in Sudan - Masalit Daju and Berti, Islam in Sudan - West Africans, Islam in Sudan - Status of Religious Freedom Read more here: » Islam in Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Sudan - Status of Religious Freedom |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Independence On July 26, 1965, Maldives gained independence under an agreement signed with United Kingdom. The British government retained the use of the Gan and Hitaddu facilities. In a national referendum in March 1968, Maldivians abolished the sultanate and established a republic.
History of the Maldives - Nasir.
The Second Republic was proclaimed in November 1968 under the presidency of Ibrahim Nasir, who had increasingly dominated the political scene. Under the new constitution, Nasir was elected indirectly to a four-year presidential term by the Majlis (legislat ...
See also:History of the Maldives, History of the Maldives - Historical setting, History of the Maldives - Early Age, History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam, History of the Maldives - Era of colonial powers, History of the Maldives - Portuguese, History of the Maldives - Dutch, History of the Maldives - British, History of the Maldives - Independence, History of the Maldives - Nasir, History of the Maldives - Gayoom, History of the Maldives - Sources and References Read more here: » History of the Maldives: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Independence |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Historical setting Maldives is an isolated nation and is among the smallest and poorest countries in the world. In olden times, the islands provided the main source of cowrie shells, then used as currency throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast. Moreover, historically Maldives has had a strategic importance because of its location on the major marine routes of the Indian Ocean. Maldives' nearest neighbors are Sri Lanka and India, both of which have had cultural and economic ties with Maldives for centuries. Although under nominal Portuguese, Dutch, ...
See also:History of the Maldives, History of the Maldives - Historical setting, History of the Maldives - Early Age, History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam, History of the Maldives - Era of colonial powers, History of the Maldives - Portuguese, History of the Maldives - Dutch, History of the Maldives - British, History of the Maldives - Independence, History of the Maldives - Nasir, History of the Maldives - Gayoom, History of the Maldives - Sources and References Read more here: » History of the Maldives: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Historical setting |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur Darfur was the Fur homeland. Renowned as cavalrymen, Fur clans frequently allied with or opposed their kin, the Kanuri of Borno, in modern Nigeria. After a period of disorder in the sixteenth century, during which the region was briefly subject to theBornu Empire, the leader of the Keira clan, Sulayman Solong (1596-1637), supplanted a rival clan and became Darfur's first sultan. Sulayman Solong decreed Islam to be the sultanate's official religion. However, large-scale religious conversions did not occur until the reign of Ahmad Bakr (1682-1 ...
See also:History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Early Age Western interest in the archaeological remains of early cultures on Maldives began with the work of H.C.P. Bell, a British commissioner of the Ceylon Civil Service. Bell was shipwrecked on the islands in 1879, and he returned several times to investigate ancient Buddhist ruins. Historians have established that by the fourth century A.D. Theravada Buddhism originating from Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) became the dominant religion of the people of Maldives. Some scholars believe that the name "Maldives" derives from ...
See also:History of the Maldives, History of the Maldives - Historical setting, History of the Maldives - Early Age, History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam, History of the Maldives - Era of colonial powers, History of the Maldives - Portuguese, History of the Maldives - Dutch, History of the Maldives - British, History of the Maldives - Independence, History of the Maldives - Nasir, History of the Maldives - Gayoom, History of the Maldives - Sources and References Read more here: » History of the Maldives: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Early Age |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam See also: Islam in Maldives
The interest of Middle Eastern peoples in Maldives resulted from its strategic location and its abundant supply of cowrie shells, a form of currency that was widely used throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast since ancient times. Middle Eastern seafarers had just begun to take over the Indian Ocean trade routes in the tenth century A.D. and found Maldives to be an important link in those routes.
The importance of the Arabs as traders in the Indian Ocean by the twelfth centu ...
See also:History of the Maldives, History of the Maldives - Historical setting, History of the Maldives - Early Age, History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam, History of the Maldives - Era of colonial powers, History of the Maldives - Portuguese, History of the Maldives - Dutch, History of the Maldives - British, History of the Maldives - Independence, History of the Maldives - Nasir, History of the Maldives - Gayoom, History of the Maldives - Sources and References Read more here: » History of the Maldives: Encyclopedia II - History of the Maldives - Introduction of Islam |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - The Opinion On October 15, a UN visiting mission sent by the General Assembly to tour the region and investigate the political situation published its findings, showing that the Sahrawi population were "overwhelmingly" in favor of independence from both Spain and Morocco/Mauritania. The next day, the Court published its opinion.
For the former question, the Court decided by a vote of 13 to three that the court could make a decision on the matter, and unanimously voted that the time of colonization (defined as November 28, 1884), t ...
See also:International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Background, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Submission, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - The Opinion, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Results Read more here: » International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara: Encyclopedia II - International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - The Opinion |
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| | | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Results The opinion of the Court was largely disregarded by the interested parties. As the Spanish withdrew from their garrisons in the latter part of the year and early 1976, Morocco's army moved in to take their place. On November 16, Mauritania, Morocco, and Spain signed the Madrid Accords, a secret agreement that partitioned the territory between the African states, and gave Spain a stake in the valuable phosphate deposits.
Spain's last soldier departed the territory on February 26, 1976. The next day, the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republi ...
See also:International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Background, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Submission, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - The Opinion, International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Results Read more here: » International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara: Encyclopedia II - International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara - Results |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - Economy
Maldives - Fisheries.
The Maldivian economy was for many centuries, entirely dependent on fishing and other marine products; therefore fishing has been and still remains the main occupation of the people. The government gives special priority to the development of the fisheries sector.
The mechanization of the traditional fishing dhoani in 1974 was a major milestone in the development of the fisheries industry and the country's economy in general. A fish canning plant was installed in the island of Felivar ...
See also:Maldives, Maldives - History, Maldives - Economy, Maldives - Fisheries, Maldives - Tourism, Maldives - Cottage industries, Maldives - Politics, Maldives - Judiciary, Maldives - Maldives and the Indian Ocean Commission, Maldives - Atolls, Maldives - Geography, Maldives - Demographics, Maldives - Culture, Maldives - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Maldives: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - Economy |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - Geography Maldives holds the record for being the flattest country in the world, with a maximum altitude of only 2.3 metres. Although there have been reports of rising sea levels threatening the islands, the sea level has actually lowered in recent decades.
A tsunami in the Indian Ocean caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake caused parts of Maldives to be covered by sea water and left many people homeless. After the disaster, cartographers are planning to redraw the maps of the islands due to alterations by the tsunami. The people and gover ...
See also:Maldives, Maldives - History, Maldives - The Economy, Maldives - Fisheries, Maldives - Tourism, Maldives - Cottage industries, Maldives - Politics, Maldives - Judiciary, Maldives - Maldives and the Indian Ocean Commission, Maldives - Atolls, Maldives - Geography, Maldives - Demographics, Maldives - Culture, Maldives - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Maldives: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - Geography |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Politics of the Maldives - Political parties and elections On a national level, Maldives elects a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five year term by parliament and confirmed in a referendum by the people. In this referendum on 17 October 2003, 90.3 % voted in favour of present-day president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (turnout 77 %). At the last parliamentary elections, 22 January 2005, only non-partisans have been elected. No legal parties exist. Out of the 42 elected parliamentaries, according to Adam Carr, 20 (32.3 % of popular vote) support the government and ...
See also:Politics of the Maldives, Politics of the Maldives - History, Politics of the Maldives - Executive branch, Politics of the Maldives - Legislative branch, Politics of the Maldives - Political parties and elections, Politics of the Maldives - Judicial branch, Politics of the Maldives - Administrative divisions, Politics of the Maldives - International organization participation Read more here: » Politics of the Maldives: Encyclopedia II - Politics of the Maldives - Political parties and elections |
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| | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Melaka - Demographics Malacca has a population of 648,000 as of 2001.
The population comprises:
Malays: 50%;
Chinese: 40%;
Indians, including the Chitty people: a sizeable minority;
Kristang, people with partial Portuguese ancestry: a small community.
The major towns of Malacca are Malacca Town, Alor Gajah, Masjid Tanah, Jasin, Merlimau, Pulau Sebang and Ayer Keroh.
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See also:Melaka, Melaka - Geography, Melaka - Demographics, Melaka - History, Melaka - Sultanate of Malacca, Melaka - Colonization, Melaka - State government, Melaka - Culture and economy, Melaka - Popular historical attractions, Melaka - Transport Read more here: » Melaka: Encyclopedia II - Melaka - Demographics |
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| | | | | | sultanate: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - The Economy
Maldives - Fisheries.
The Maldivian economy was for many centuries, entirely dependent on fishing and other marine products; therefore fishing has been and still remains the main occupation of the people. The government gives special priority to the development of the fisheries sector.
The mechanization of the traditional fishing dhoani in 1974 was a major milestone in the development of the fisheries industry and the country's economy in general. A fish canning plant was installed in the island of Felivar ...
See also:Maldives, Maldives - History, Maldives - The Economy, Maldives - Fisheries, Maldives - Tourism, Maldives - Cottage industries, Maldives - Politics, Maldives - Judiciary, Maldives - Maldives and the Indian Ocean Commission, Maldives - Atolls, Maldives - Geography, Maldives - Demographics, Maldives - Culture, Maldives - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Maldives: Encyclopedia II - Maldives - The Economy |
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