In general use, "sugar" is taken to mean sucrose, also called "table sugar" or saccharose, a disaccharide which is a white crystalline solid. It is the most commonly used sugar for altering the flavor and properties (such as "mouthfeel", preservation, and texture) of beverages and food. Table sugar is commercially extracted from either sugar cane or sugar beet. The word sugar originates from the Sanskrit word Sharkara which means "sugar" or "pebble." The "simple" sugars, or monosaccharides, such as glucose, are a store of energy which is used by biological cells. A sugar is denoted by any word ...

Including:

• Sugar - Production
• Sugar - Cane
• Sugar - Beet
• Sugar - Cane versus Beet
• Sugar - Types of culinary sugar
• Sugar - Chemistry
• Sugar - History
• Sugar - The history of sugar in the West
• Sugar - The rise of beet
• Sugar - Mechanization
• Sugar - Health concerns
• Sugar - Sugar and hyperactivity
• Sugar - Sugar economics

Read more here: » Sugar: Encyclopedia - Sugar

See also:

Blood sugar, Blood sugar - Direct health effects of blood sugar problems, Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation, Blood sugar - Low blood sugar

Read more here: » Blood sugar: Encyclopedia II - Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation

Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in homeostasis. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by the pancreas. When the concentration of glucose falls, as it is consumed to meet the body's energy demands, the pancreas releases glucagon, a hormone which targets cells in the liver. These cells then convert glycogen into glucose (this process is called glycolysis). The gluc ...

See also:

Blood sugar, Blood sugar - Direct health effects of blood sugar problems, Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation, Blood sugar - Low blood sugar

Read more here: » Blood sugar: Encyclopedia II - Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation

In medicine, blood sugar is a term used to refer to levels of glucose in the blood. Blood sugar concentration, or serum glucose level, is tightly regulated in the human body. Glucose, transported via the bloodstream, is the primary source of energy for the body's cells. Normally, blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits throughout the day: 4 to 8 mmol/l (70 to 150 mg/dl). Levels rise after meals and are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day. Diabetes mellitus is the most prominent dis ...

Including:

• Blood sugar - Direct health effects of blood sugar problems
• Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation
• Blood sugar - Low blood sugar

Read more here: » Blood sugar: Encyclopedia - Blood sugar

Many studies have reported the beneficial effect of the practice of yoga on diabetes. Some studies have mentioned up to 65 percent beneficial effect of yogic therapy for diabetes. K.N. Udupa has even mentioned 5 cases of juvenile diabetes who were completely controlled by yogic treatment. All of these studies have emphasized the possible mechanism of the yogic practices.

Read more here: » Yoga and Diabetes: The effects of exercise and yoga on Diabetes - A Clinical Research (Part II of II)

Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types of diabetes mellitus share similar symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis), retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impoten ...

Including:

• Diabetes mellitus - History
• Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types
• Diabetes mellitus - The role of insulin
• Diabetes mellitus - Types
• Diabetes mellitus - Genetics
• Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis
• Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms
• Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach
• Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis
• Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma
• Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia
• Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications
• Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease
• Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes
• Diabetes mellitus - Biological
• Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical
• Diabetes mellitus - Public health policy and health economics
• Diabetes mellitus - Statistics
• Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia - Diabetes mellitus

Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of between 6–37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Old ...

Including:

• Sugarcane - Cultivation and uses
• Sugarcane - History
• Sugarcane - Cultivation
• Sugarcane - Processing
• Sugarcane - Milling
• Sugarcane - Refining
• Sugarcane - Sugarcane as foodstuff

Read more here: » Sugarcane: Encyclopedia - Sugarcane

Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945) was an American physiologist. Walter Cannon - Use of salts of heavy metals in X-Rays. He was one of the first researchers to mix salts of heavy metals (including bismuth subnitrate, bismuth oxychloride, and barium sulfate) into foodstuffs in order to improve the contrast of X-ray images of the digestive tract. The barium meal is a modern derivative of this research. Walter Cannon - Fight or Flight. In 1929, he coined the term fight or ...

Including:

• Walter Cannon - Use of salts of heavy metals in X-Rays
• Walter Cannon - Fight or Flight
• Walter Cannon - Homeostasis
• Walter Cannon - Dry Mouth
• Walter Cannon - American Physiological Society

Read more here: » Walter Cannon: Encyclopedia - Walter Cannon

Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop or greatly slow down spoilage to prevent foodborne illness while maintaining nutritional value, texture and flavor. Food preservation - Preservation Processes. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms, as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which causes rancidity. It also includes processes to inhibit natural aging and discolouration that can occur during food p ...

Including:

• Food preservation - Preservation Processes
• Food preservation - Methods
• Food preservation - Drying
• Food preservation - Freezing
• Food preservation - Vacuum Packing
• Food preservation - Curing
• Food preservation - Sugar
• Food preservation - Pickling
• Food preservation - Canning and Bottling
• Food preservation - Jellying
• Food preservation - Irradiation
• Food preservation - Modified atmosphere
• Food preservation - Clamps
• Food preservation - Biological processes

Read more here: » Food preservation: Encyclopedia - Food preservation

Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is an oxide of copper. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution to form the colourless complex [Cu(NH3)2]+, which easily oxidises in air to the blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid to form HCuCl2 (a complex of CuCl), while dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid produce co ...

Including:

• CopperI oxide - Applications as semiconductor

Read more here: » CopperI oxide: Encyclopedia - CopperI oxide

A biopolymer is a polymer found in nature. Starch, proteins and peptides, DNA, and RNA are all examples of biopolymers, in which the monomer units, respectively, are sugars, amino acids, and nucleic acids. The exact chemical composition and the sequence in which these units are arranged is called the polymer's primary structure. Many biopolymers spontaneously "fold" into characteristic shapes, which determine their biological functions and depend in a complicated way on their primary structures. Structural b ...

Read more here: » Biopolymer: Encyclopedia - Biopolymer

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a semipermeable barrier between them. The property transferred could be heat, concentration of a chemical substance, or others. Countercurrent exchange is used extensively in biological systems for a wide variety of purposes. For example, fish use it in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood, and birds use a countercurrent heat exchanger between blood vessels in their ...

Read more here: » Countercurrent exchange: Encyclopedia - Countercurrent exchange

Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed, not swallowed. Traditionally, it was made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy many modern chewing gums use petroleum-based plastic instead of chicle. Chicle is nonetheless still the base of choice for some "upscale" gum brands, as well as some regional markets, such as in Japan. Chewing gum - History of gum. Chewing gum, in various forms, has existed since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks chewed mastic ...

Including:

• Chewing gum - History of gum
• Chewing gum - Types of gum
• Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture
• Chewing gum - Gum and society
• Chewing gum - Gum and military
• Chewing gum - Footnotes

Read more here: » Chewing gum: Encyclopedia - Chewing gum

Cryopreservation, is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as (typically) -80°C or -196°C (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death is effectively stopped. However, when vitrification solutions are not used, the cells being preserved are often damaged due to freezing during the appro ...

Read more here: » Cryopreservation: Encyclopedia - Cryopreservation

An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment. Anticoagulant - As medications. Anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels). This is useful in primary ...

Including:

• Anticoagulant - As medications
• Anticoagulant - Vitamin K antagonists
• Anticoagulant - Heparin and derivative substances
• Anticoagulant - Direct thrombin inhibitors
• Anticoagulant - Anticoagulants outside the body

Read more here: » Anticoagulant: Encyclopedia - Anticoagulant

In biology, senescence is the combination of processes of deterioration which follow the period of development of an organism. For the science of the care of the elderly, see gerontology; for experimental gerontology, see life extension. The word senescence is derived from the Latin word senex, meaning "old man" or "old age." Cellular senescence is the phenomenon where cells lose the ability to divide. In response to DNA damage (including shortened telomeres) cells either senesce or self-destruct (apoptosis ...

Including:

• Aging senescence - Theories of aging
• Aging senescence - Evolutionary theories
• Aging senescence - Gene regulation
• Aging senescence - Cellular senescence
• Aging senescence - Chemical damage
• Aging senescence - Reliability theory
• Aging senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories
• Aging senescence - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Aging senescence: Encyclopedia - Aging senescence

If blood sugar levels drop too low, a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops. Symptoms may include lethargy, impaired mental functioning, irritability, and loss of consciousness. If levels remain too high, appetite is suppressed over the short term. Long-term hyperglycemia causes many of the long-term health problems associated with diabetes, including eye, kidney, and nerve damage. ...

See also:

Blood sugar, Blood sugar - Direct health effects of blood sugar problems, Blood sugar - Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation, Blood sugar - Low blood sugar

Read more here: » Blood sugar: Encyclopedia II - Blood sugar - Direct health effects of blood sugar problems

Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells which transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but additionally rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas. These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant such as the roots or into storage structures such as tubers or bulbs. The Pressure flow hypothesis was a hypothesis proposed by Ernst Munch in 1930 that explained the mechanism of phloem translocation. A high concentration of organic subs ...

See also:

Phloem, Phloem - Structure, Phloem - Function, Phloem - Origin, Phloem - Nutritional use

Read more here: » Phloem: Encyclopedia II - Phloem - Function

Didanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Within the cell, ddI is, by cellular enzymes, phosphorylated to active metabolite of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, ddATP. Like other anti-HIV nucleside analogs, it acts as a chain terminator by incorporation and inhibits viral rev ...

See also:

Didanosine, Didanosine - History, Didanosine - Mechanism of action, Didanosine - Adverse affects

Read more here: » Didanosine: Encyclopedia II - Didanosine - Mechanism of action

A related property known as pyroelectricity, the ability of certain mineral crystals to generate electrical charge when heated, was known of as early as the 19th century, and was named by David Brewster in 1824. In 1880, the brothers Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie predicted and demonstrated piezoelectricity using tinfoil, glue, wire, magnets, and a jeweler's saw. They showed that crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) generate electrical polarization from mechanical stress. Quartz and Rochel ...

See also:

Piezoelectricity, Piezoelectricity - Mechanism, Piezoelectricity - Crystal classes, Piezoelectricity - Mathematical description, Piezoelectricity - History, Piezoelectricity - Materials, Piezoelectricity - Applications, Piezoelectricity - High-voltage sources, Piezoelectricity - Sensors, Piezoelectricity - Actuators, Piezoelectricity - Frequency standards, Piezoelectricity - Piezoelectric motors, Piezoelectricity - Ultrasonic transducers

Read more here: » Piezoelectricity: Encyclopedia II - Piezoelectricity - History