Substance may refer to: Substance theory: in philosophy, substance is that element of an object without which it would not exist Chemical substance: in chemistry, a substance is an element, compound or a mixture of elements and compounds. If a substance is not a mixture it is called a pure substance. Substance (medicine): in medicine, substance is any drug, chemical, or biologic entity, as well as any material capable of being self-administered or abused because of its physiologic or psychologic e

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Cellulose and starch are the main ergastic substances of plant cells. Cellulose is the chief component of the cell wall, and starch occurs as a reserve material in the protoplasm. Starch, as starch grains arise almost exclusively in plastids, especially leucoplasts and chloroplasts. ...

See also:

Ergastic substance, Ergastic substance - Carbohydrates, Ergastic substance - Proteins, Ergastic substance - Fats and oils, Ergastic substance - Crystals

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Delivery can be representative of a rapper's skill, but the message of a rap is considered more important. A rapper who possesses little substance alongside lots of style doesn't show as much skill as one who has a message or story, because their creativity is ignored in lieu of lack of an important statement. The message can be braggadocios in nature, about one's life, about politics, about philosophy, and many other topics. "The Message", a concept rap written by Melle Mel and performed by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, pioneered the inclusion of political content in hip-hop rhymes and rapping ceased to ...

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Rapping, Rapping - Rapper vs. MC, Rapping - History, Rapping - Rapping before hip-hop, Rapping - Rapping in hip-hop, Rapping - The importance of rhyme, Rapping - Different types of rhymes, Rapping - Rap writing and delivery, Rapping - Vocal Presence, Rapping - Vocabulary, Rapping - Cadence, Rapping - Prosody, Rapping - Enunciation, Rapping - Style voice tone and attitude, Rapping - Speed, Rapping - Breath control, Rapping - Wordplay, Rapping - Melody, Rapping - Other techniques, Rapping - Substance, Rapping - Freestyling and battle rapping, Rapping - Freestyle rapping, Rapping - Battle rapping, Rapping - Traditional forms

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The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates, and LSD. During the 1960s, drug use and abuse increased greatly around the world, especially in Western nations. Inspired by psychedelic advocates such as Aldous Huxley and Timothy Leary, millions of young people experimented with powerful hallucinogens, and drugs of all kinds became freely available as manufacturers and traffickers took advantage of inconsistent national laws to ...

Including:

• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Schedules of Controlled Substances
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Scheduling process
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ephedrine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ketamine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - MDMA
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Methcathinone
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Nicotine
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Tetrahydrocannabinol
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Medical and other drug uses
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Organic plants
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Precursors
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Analogs
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Penal provisions
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Treatment and prevention
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Recent trends
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Rise in stimulant trafficking
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Canadian noncompliance
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Licit drug problems
• Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Endnotes

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The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. It can be found in amended form at 21 U.S.C. § 801 et. seq. (Chapter 13). This statute is the legal basis by which the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of certain drugs are regulated by the federal government of the United States. The Act also served as national imple ...

Including:

• Controlled Substances Act - Enforcement authority
• Controlled Substances Act - History
• Controlled Substances Act - International law
• Controlled Substances Act - Constitutional issues
• Controlled Substances Act - Drug Schedules
• Controlled Substances Act - Schedule I drugs
• Controlled Substances Act - Schedule II drugs
• Controlled Substances Act - Schedule III drugs
• Controlled Substances Act - Schedule IV drugs
• Controlled Substances Act - Schedule V drugs
• Controlled Substances Act - Other provisions

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substance: Essence; real nature.

(See also: Substance, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

In philosophy, essence is the attribute (or set of attributes) that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is. In grammar, it is a subject's necessary predicate. The notion of essence has acquired many slightly but importantly different shades of meaning throughout the history of philosophy; most of them derive from its use in Aristotle and its evolution within the scholastic tradition. Essence in this sense is contrasted with accident: essential properties are properties that a substance has necessarily; a ...

Including:

• Essence - Buddhism
• Essence - Essentiast

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The autoignition temperature, also known as the fire point, of a substance is the lowest temperature at which a chemical will spontaneously combust in a normal atmosphere, without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion. The lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite in the presence of an external source of ignition is known as its flash point. Autoignition temperatures are measured using ...

Including:

• Autoignition temperature - Autoignition Point of Selected Substances

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A being, in the most general sense, is anything that is alive. Being with a capital 'B', on the other hand, is often used in philosophy to refer to divine Being, God, or ultimate reality. In philosophy, a being is anything that can be said to be. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. See also categories of being and "I think, therefore I am". In linguistics, "to be" is a copula. Being - Being in historical philosophy. Being - Being and substance in Aristotl ...

Including:

• Being - Being in historical philosophy
• Being - Being and substance in Aristotle
• Being - Being in continental philosophy and existentialism
• Being - Being in popular culture

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An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment. Anticoagulant - As medications. Anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels). This is useful in primary ...

Including:

• Anticoagulant - As medications
• Anticoagulant - Vitamin K antagonists
• Anticoagulant - Heparin and derivative substances
• Anticoagulant - Direct thrombin inhibitors
• Anticoagulant - Anticoagulants outside the body

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Codeine Codeine (INN) or methylmorphine is an opioid used for its analgesic, antitussive and antidiarrheal properties. It is marketed as the salts codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. Codeine is an alkaloid found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 2.5 percent. While codeine can be extracted from opium, most codeine used in the United States is synthesized from morphine through the process of O-methylation. Codeine - Indications. Approved indicat ...

Including:

• Codeine - Indications
• Codeine - Controlled substance
• Codeine - Pharmacokinetics
• Codeine - Pharmacology
• Codeine - Adverse effects
• Codeine - Recreational use

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Adamant and similar words are used to refer to any especially hard substance, whether composed of diamond, some other gemstone, or some type of metal. Both adamant and diamond derive from the Greek word αδαμας (adamas), meaning "untameable". The word adamant is comparable to the word brimstone, an archaic word for sulphur. Since diamond is now used exclusively for the hardest gemstone, the increasingly archaic adamant–and its adjectival form adamantine–has a mostly poet ...

Including:

• Adamant - Examples of use

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An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. After the simplest possible aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene, such a configuration of six carbon atoms is known as a benzene ring. Aromatic hydrocarbon - Models of benzene ring electron configurations. Each carbon ...

Including:

• Aromatic hydrocarbon - Models of benzene ring electron configurations
• Aromatic hydrocarbon - Properties of aromatic hydrocarbons
• Aromatic hydrocarbon - Members of this group of substances
• Aromatic hydrocarbon - PAHs

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Conspicuous consumption is a term introduced by the American economist Thorstein Veblen, in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). The term is used to describe the consumption of expensive goods, commodities and services for the sake of displaying social status and wealth. The term is generally reserved for those forms of consumption that are motivated by societal factors and is not used to describe impulsive behaviours associated with personality disorders, such as as binge eating or compulsive spending. Conspic ...

Including:

• Conspicuous consumption - Regarded as an addiction
• Conspicuous consumption - Marketing
• Conspicuous consumption - In the context of psychoactive substances
• Conspicuous consumption - A possible historical case: Easter Island
• Conspicuous consumption - Applications in activism

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The Convention has four Schedules of controlled substances, ranging from Schedule I (most restrictive) to Schedule IV (least restrictive). A list of psychotropic substances, and their corresponding Schedules, was annexed to the 1971 treaty. A 2002 European Parliament report describes the Schedules as follows[7]: Schedule I includes dangerous drugs claimed to create a serious risk to public health, and whose therapeutic value i ...

See also:

Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Schedules of Controlled Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Scheduling process, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ephedrine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ketamine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - MDMA, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Methcathinone, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Nicotine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Tetrahydrocannabinol, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Medical and other drug uses, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Organic plants, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Precursors, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Analogs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Penal provisions, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Treatment and prevention, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Recent trends, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Rise in stimulant trafficking, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Canadian noncompliance, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Licit drug problems, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Endnotes

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Two primitive concepts (i.e. genuine notions that cannot be explained in terms of something else) in substance theory are the bare particular and the inherence relation. Substance theory - Bare particular. In substance theory, a bare particular of an object is the element without which the object would not exist, that is, its substance, which exists independent from its properties, even if it is physically impossible for it to lack properties entirely. It is "bare" becaus ...

See also:

Substance theory, Substance theory - Primitive concepts of substance theory, Substance theory - Bare particular, Substance theory - Inherence relation, Substance theory - Arguments supporting the theory, Substance theory - Argument from grammar, Substance theory - Argument from conception, Substance theory - Bundle theory, Substance theory - Indiscernibility, Substance theory - Discernable concrete particulars, Substance theory - Identity of indiscernibles

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A 1971 Bulletin on Narcotics notes[26]: Article 2, in paragraph 4 of the original text, carried over the concept in Article 3 (3) (iii) of the Single Convention, and required the application to a "precursor " – i.e. a substance "readily convertible" into a substance under control – of measures of control. In Vienna the complexity of controlling precursors of psychotropic substances was agreed to be so overwhelming that no absol ...

See also:

Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Schedules of Controlled Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Scheduling process, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ephedrine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ketamine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - MDMA, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Methcathinone, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Nicotine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Tetrahydrocannabinol, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Medical and other drug uses, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Organic plants, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Precursors, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Analogs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Penal provisions, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Treatment and prevention, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Recent trends, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Rise in stimulant trafficking, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Canadian noncompliance, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Licit drug problems, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Endnotes

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International drug control began with the 1912 International Opium Convention, a treaty which adopted import and export restrictions on the poppy's psychoactive derivatives. Over the next half-century, several additional treaties were adopted under League of Nations auspices, gradually expanding the list of controlled substances to encompass cocaine and other drugs and granting the Permanent Central Opium Board power to monitor compliance. After the United Nations ...

See also:

Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Schedules of Controlled Substances, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Scheduling process, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ephedrine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Ketamine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - MDMA, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Methcathinone, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Nicotine, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Tetrahydrocannabinol, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Medical and other drug uses, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Organic plants, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Precursors, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Analogs, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Penal provisions, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Treatment and prevention, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Recent trends, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Rise in stimulant trafficking, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Canadian noncompliance, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Licit drug problems, Convention on Psychotropic Substances - Endnotes

Read more here: » Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Encyclopedia II - Convention on Psychotropic Substances - History

Two common arguments supporting substance theory are the argument from grammar and the argument from conception. Substance theory - Argument from grammar. The argument from grammar uses traditional grammar to support substance theory. For example, the sentence, "Snow is white," contains a subject, snow, and the assertion that the subject is white. The argument holds that it makes no grammatical sense to speak of "whiteness" disembodied, without snow or some other subject that See also:

Substance theory, Substance theory - Primitive concepts of substance theory, Substance theory - Bare particular, Substance theory - Inherence relation, Substance theory - Arguments supporting the theory, Substance theory - Argument from grammar, Substance theory - Argument from conception, Substance theory - Bundle theory, Substance theory - Indiscernibility, Substance theory - Discernable concrete particulars, Substance theory - Identity of indiscernibles

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