subroutine - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Assembler: Encyclopedia - Assembler
An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language — essentially, a mnemonic representation of machine language — i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prototype: Encyclopedia - Prototype
Prototypes or prototypical instances combine the most representative attributes of a category. A prototype is the stage before the final ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Call Telecommunications: Encyclopedia - Call Telecommunications
In computer science and telecommunications a call is: Any attempt to set up a telecommunication circuit A unit of traffic measurement Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Variable: Encyclopedia - Variable
In computer science and mathematics, a variable is a symbol denoting a quantity or symbolic representation. In mathematics, a variable of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Return: Encyclopedia - Return
The term return may have one of the following meanings: Return is a financial term that refers to the benefit derived from an investment...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia - Compiler
A compiler is a computer program that translates a series of statements written in one computer language (called the source code) into a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread-safe: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread-safe - Achieving Thread-safety
There are a few ways to achieve thread-safety: re-entrancy: Basically, writing code in such a way that it can be interrupted during one ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microprogram: Encyclopedia Ii - Microprogram - Implementation
A microprogram provides the bits to control these. The fundamental advance is that CPU control becomes a specialized form of a computer p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorola 68000: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorola 68000 - Architecture
Motorola 68000 - Address bus. The 68000 was a clever compromise. When the 68000 was introduced, 16-bit buses were really the most pract...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread Computer Science - Processes Threads And Fibers
The concept of a process, thread, and fiber are interrelated by a sense of "ownership" and of containment. A process is the "heaviest" un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Self-modifying Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Self-modifying Code - Usage Of Self-modifying Code
Self-modifying code can be used for various purposes: Optimisation of a state dependent loop. Runtime code generation, or specialisation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pdp-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Pdp-8 - Subroutines On The Pdp-8
The PDP-8 did not implement any general-purpose stack so there was no stack upon which to store the PC, AC, or any other context when a s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Interrupt Handler: Encyclopedia Ii - Interrupt Handler - Overview
In modern systems Interrupt Handlers are split into two parts: the First-Level Interrupt Handler (FLIH) and the Second-Level Interrupt Ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malloc: Encyclopedia Ii - Malloc - Related Functions
malloc returns a block of memory that is allocated for the programmer to use, but is uninitialized. The memory is usually initialized by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorola 68000: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorola 68000 - Architecture
Motorola 68000 - Address bus. The 68000 was a clever compromise. When the 68000 was introduced, 16-bit buses were really the most pract...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ibm 1130: Encyclopedia Ii - Ibm 1130 - Description
The 1130 became quite popular, and the 1130 and its non-IBM clones gave many people their first feel of "personal computing." Though its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - History
Several experimental compilers were developed in the 1950s (see, for example, the seminal work by Grace Hopper on the A-0 language), but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assembler: Encyclopedia Ii - Assembler - Assemblers
Hundreds of assemblers have been written. Notable examples include: FASM (Flat Assembler) GAS (GNU Assembler) HLA (High Level Assembler)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Variable: Encyclopedia Ii - Variable - Computer Programming
In programming languages, a variable can be thought of as a place to store a value in computer memory. More precisely, a variable binds (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Netfilter/iptables: Encyclopedia Ii - Netfilter/iptables - Operational Summary
The netfilter framework allows the system administrator to define rules for how to deal with network packets. Rules are grouped into chai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prototype: Encyclopedia Ii - Prototype - Mechanical And Electrical Engineering
The most common use of the word prototype is a functional though experimental version of a nonmilitary machine (e.g., cars, domestic appl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Refactoring: Encyclopedia Ii - Refactoring - Refactoring Code
In software engineering, the term refactoring means modifying source code without changing its external behavior, and is sometimes inform...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pilot: Encyclopedia Ii - Pilot - Command Letters
The following commands are used in "core PILOT". A: Accept input into "accept buffer". Examples: R:Next line of input replaces current co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Perl 6: Encyclopedia Ii - Perl 6 - Major Changes From Perl 5
Perl 5 and Perl 6 differ fundamentally, though in general the intent has been to "keep Perl 6 Perl". Most of the changes are intended to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intel 4004: Encyclopedia Ii - Intel 4004 - History And Description
The 4004 was released in 16-pin CERDIP packaging on November 15th, 1971. The 4004 is the first computer processor designed and manufactur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Threaded Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Threaded Code - Threading Models
Practically all executable threaded code uses one or another of these methods for calling subroutines (each method is called a "threading...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ibm 1130: Encyclopedia Ii - Ibm 1130 - Trivia
Brian Utley was the 1130's Project Manager during its development and introduction. Before IBM Marketing named the 1130 it was known as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Netfilter/iptables: Encyclopedia Ii - Netfilter/iptables - History
The netfilter/iptables project was started in 1998 by Rusty Russell, also author of the project's predecessor, ipchains. As the project g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microprogram: Encyclopedia Ii - Microprogram - Other Benefits
A microprogrammed processor is a processor whose hardware implements a different (usually simpler) architecture than that which is visibl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Perl 6: Encyclopedia Ii - Perl 6 - Hello World
The hello world program in Perl 6 can be written say "Hello world" though there's more than one way to do it. say is new to Perl 6: it ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Threaded Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Threaded Code - History Leading To Threaded Code
In early computers, memory was very expensive. So programmers spent a lot of time trying to find ways to squeeze their programs so they w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Threaded Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Threaded Code - Threaded Code
To save even more space, programmers squeezed those lists of subroutine calls into simple lists of subroutine addresses (leaving out the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Threaded Code: Encyclopedia Ii - Threaded Code - Later Developments
Not content to stop there, programmers have developed other related techniques to make programs even more compact, although they are slow...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pilot: Encyclopedia Ii - Pilot - Language Syntax
A line of PILOT code contains (from left to right) the following syntax elements: an optional label a command letter an optional Y (for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread Computer Science - Comparison Between Models
An operating system can provide support for processes, threads, and fibers in any combination; which of these it provides will have a sig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microprogram: Encyclopedia Ii - Microprogram - The Reason For Microprogramming
When computers were first developed, the speed of the central processor approximately matched the speed of the main memory, and each inst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - Types Of Compilers
Compiler - Native versus cross compiler. Most compilers are classified as either native compilers or cross compilers. A compiler may pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microprogram: Encyclopedia Ii - Microprogram - History
Before 1951, the control logic for central processing units was designed by ad hoc methods. One of the simplest was to use rings of flip-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microprogram: Encyclopedia Ii - Microprogram - Writable Control Stores
A few computers were built using "writable microcode" -- rather that storing the microcode in ROM or hard-wired logic, the microcode was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Netfilter/iptables: Encyclopedia Ii - Netfilter/iptables - Iptables
iptables is a user space application program that allows a system administrator to configure the netfilter tables, chains, and rules (des...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread Computer Science - Implementations
There are many different and incompatible implementations of threading. These include both kernel-level and user-level implementations. N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malloc: Encyclopedia Ii - Malloc - Rationale
The C programming language normally manages memory statically, that is, on the stack. If space for a variable is needed, it is created wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malloc: Encyclopedia Ii - Malloc - Dynamic Memory Allocation In C
The malloc function is the basic function used to allocate memory on the heap in C. Its prototype is void *malloc(size_t size) which al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malloc: Encyclopedia Ii - Malloc - Usage Example
The standard method of creating an array of ten integers on the stack: int array[10]; But if we want to allocate the array dynamically ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malloc: Encyclopedia Ii - Malloc - Implementations
The implementation of memory management depends greatly upon operating system and architecture. Some operating systems supply an allocato...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - Compiler Back End
While there are applications where only the compiler front end is necessary, such as static language verification tools, a real compiler ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - Compiler Design
In the past, compilers were divided into many passes[1] to save space. A pass in this context is a run of the compiler through the source...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Variable: Encyclopedia Ii - Variable - Why Are Variables Useful?
Variables are useful in mathematics and computer programming because they allow instructions to be specified in a general way. If one wer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - Types Of Compilers
Compiler - Native versus cross compiler. Most compilers are classified as either native or cross-compilers. A compiler may produce bina...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compiler: Encyclopedia Ii - Compiler - Compiled Versus Interpreted Languages
Many people divide higher-level programming languages into compiled languages and interpreted languages. However, there is rarely anythin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorola 68000: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorola 68000 - History
Initial samples of the MC68000 were released in 1979. At the time, there was fierce competition among several of the then established man...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Motorola 68000: Encyclopedia Ii - Motorola 68000 - Instruction Set Details
The standard addressing modes are: Register direct data register, e.g. "D0" address register, e.g. "A6" Register indirect Simple a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread Computer Science - Comparison Between Models
An operating system can provide support for processes, threads, and fibres in any combination; which of these it provides will have a sig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread-safe: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread-safe - Determining Thread Safety
It is not easy to determine if a piece of code is thread-safe or not. However, there are several indicators that suggest the need for car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Refactoring: Encyclopedia Ii - Refactoring - Forth
The term "factoring" has been used in the Forth community since at least the early 1980s. Chapter Six of Leo Brodie's book Thinking Forth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Refactoring: Encyclopedia Ii - Refactoring - Refactoring Other Text
The term refactoring originated in computer programming, but the concept has also been applied when modifying any text. On Wiki websites,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thread Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Thread Computer Science - Threads Compared With Processes
Threads are distinguished from traditional multi-tasking operating system processes in that processes are typically independent, carry co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pdp-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Pdp-8 - Instruction Set
Basic instructions: 000 - AND - AND the memory operand with AC. 001 - TAD - Twos-complement ADd the memory operand to <L,AC> (a 13...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pdp-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Pdp-8 - Description
The PDP-8 was a 12-bit computer. In its basic configuration it had a main memory of 4,096 twelve-bit words (that is, 4K words, equivalent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pdp-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Pdp-8 - Input/output
The I/O systems underwent huge changes during the PDP-8 era. Early PDP-8 models used a front-panel interface, a paper-tape reader and a t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pdp-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Pdp-8 - Programming Facilities
Software development systems for the PDP-8 series began with the most basic front panel entry of raw binary machine code. In the middle e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Refactoring: Encyclopedia Ii - Refactoring - Etymology
The first known use of the term "refactoring" in the published literature was in the article, Refactoring: An Aid in Designing Applicatio...   » Read the article