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Stunde Null | A Wisdom Archive on Stunde Null | | Stunde Null A selection of articles related to Stunde Null | |
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Year Zero political notion, Year Zero political notion - External link, Year Zero political notion - Reference, Year One, Stunde Null
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Stunde Null | |
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| | |  Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - West Berlin - OriginsThe Potsdam Agreement established the legal framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. According to the agreement, Germany would be formally under the sovereignty of the four major wartime allies -- the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union -- until a German government acceptable to them all could be reconstituted. Germany would be divided into four sectors, each administered by one of the allies. Berlin, though surrounded by the Soviet sector, would be similiarly divided, with the western ...
See also:West Berlin, West Berlin - Origins, West Berlin - Legal status, West Berlin - The years of division, West Berlin - Composition Read more here: » West Berlin: Encyclopedia II - West Berlin - Origins |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - West Berlin - The years of division While West Berlin was a formally separate jurisdiction from East Berlin after 1949, there was for more than a decade freedom of movement between the two, and in many ways Berlin still functioned as a single city. The U-Bahn and S-Bahn public transit networks, rebuilt after the war, spanned all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family members, friends, and jobs in the other.
As the cold war continued, many Germans began leaving East Germany for the West. East Germany closed the borders between East a ...
See also:West Berlin, West Berlin - Origins, West Berlin - Legal status, West Berlin - The years of division, West Berlin - Composition Read more here: » West Berlin: Encyclopedia II - West Berlin - The years of division |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany Starting in the 6th century Slavic peoples from the east settled in the vacated area between the Elbe and Oder rivers.
About 720 two Slavic tribes settled in the Berlin region. The Heveller (Slavic: Havolane) settled on the river Havel with their central settlement in Brennabor, which later has become the town of Brandenburg. Close to the river Spree in today's borough of Berlin Köpenick the Sprewanen (Slavic: Sprevjane) settled.
About 750 the Havolane founded Spandow (today's Spandau) on the river Havel. This seems to be the close ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift In response to Allied efforts to fuse the American, French, and British sectors of western Germany into a federal state, American refusal to grant the Soviets war reparations from industrial areas of western Germany, and to a currency reform undertaken by the western powers without Soviet approval, the Soviets blocked ground access to West Berlin on 26 June 1948, in what became known as the "Berlin Blockade", in the hope of gaining control of the whole of Berlin. The Western Allies undertook a massive logistical effort to supply the western ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The divided city By the end of the Second World War, up to 33% of Berlin had been destroyed by concerted Allied air raids and street fighting. The so called "Stunde Null" marked a new beginning for the city. Greater Berlin was divided into four sectors by the Allies under the London Protocol of 1944, one each for:-
the United States, consisting of the Boroughs of Neukölln, Kreuzberg, Tempelhof, Schöneberg, Steglitz and Zehlendorf;(See : commandants of Berlin American Zone)
the United Kingdom, consisting of th ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The divided city |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising See Uprising of 1953 in East Germany. 60 construction workers building the showpiece Stalin-Allee in East Berlin went on strike on 16 June 1953, to demand a reduction in recent work-quota increases. They called for a general strike the next day, 17 June. The general strike and protest marches turned into rioting and spread throughout East Germany. The East German police failed to quell the unrest. It had to be suppressed by Soviet troops, who encountered stiff resistance from angry crowds across East Germany, and responded with live ammunition. At leas ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin Allied bombardment of Berlin started in earnest in 1943, though an earlier raid for propaganda purposes had been conducted in 1940. Raids on German major cities grew in scope and raids of over 1,000 4-engined bombers were not uncommon by 1944. (On March 18, 1945 alone, for example, 1,250 American bombers attacked the city). In April 1945, the German capital was an obvious objective for Allied troops. In a controversial decision, General Eisenhower halted Anglo-American troops on the Elbe River. The whereabouts of Adolf Hitler were in doubt, ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Student Movement In the 1960s, West Berlin became one of the centers of the German student movement. West Berlin was especially popular with young German left-wing radicals, as young men living in West Berlin were exempted from the obligatory military service required in West Germany proper: the Kreuzberg district became especially well-known for its high concentration of young radicals.
The Wall afforded unique opportunities for social gatherings. The physical wall was set some distance behind the actual sector border, up to several meters behind in ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Student Movement |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Berlin Wall On August 13, 1961 the communist East German government started to build the Berlin Wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, as a response to massive numbers of East German citizens fleeing into West Berlin as a way to escape to the west. The East German government called the Wall the "anti-fascist protection wall".
During the Wall's existence there were around 5,000 successful escapes into West Berlin; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured. The sandy ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Berlin Wall |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Reunited At the 40th anniversary celebration of East Germany in East Berlin in October 1989, guest of honor Mikhail Gorbachev gave a speech indicating that he would not support hard-line positions by the East German regime, millions of whose citizens were trying to flee to West Germany across the weakening Iron Curtain in Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
On 9 November 1989, after a misleading press statement by Politburo member Günter Schabowski, border guards gave in and allowed crowds from East Berlin across the frontier at the Bösebrücke. The ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Reunited |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia In 1701 Friedrich III (1688-1701) crowned himself as Friedrich I (1701-1713), King in Prussia. (Not of Prussia, because he didn't possess all of Prussia.) He was mostly interested in decorum: he ordered the building of the castle Charlottenburg in the west of the city. He made Berlin the capital of the new kingdom of Prussia.
His son, Friedrich Wilhelm I (1713-1740), in contrast, was a sparing man, who made Prussia an important military power.
In 1709 Berlin count ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln Throughout these events, the area of today's Berlin contained small fishing and farming villages.
Around 1200, two towns were founded on the banks of the river Spree: Cölln and Berlin. Berlin used the name of the existing Slavic village (br'l which means "swamp"). Cölln may have been a new foundation, since its name (like Köln) represents Latin colonia = "colony".
Cölln is first mentioned in documents on 28 October 1237, Berlin in 1244.
The first mention of city rights for Berlin is in 1251 and for Cölln in 1261, s ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The Germans return In the beginning of the 12th century the Saxon German kings and emperors conquered the Slavic-inhabited lands of present-day Brandenburg. The Slavic inhabitants of the area were either driven out, or became subject to German feudal lords. Many Slavic inhabitants survived the conquests and live there still today - Sorbs, Lusatians. The church brought bishoprics, which with their walled towns, afforded protection for the townspeople from attack. With the monks and bishops, the history of the town of Brandenbur ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - The Germans return |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg In 1417 Friedrich I of Brandenburg became Kurfürst of Brandenburg. Until 1918 members of the Hohenzollern family ruled Berlin, successively as Margraves of Brandenburg, Kings of Prussia, and Emperors of Germany. Berlin's people were not enthusiastic about this change. In 1447 they revolted unsuccessfully against the monarch, losing many of their political and economic liberties.
When Berlin became the residence of the Hohenzollerns, it had to give up its Hanseatic League free city status. Its main economical activity changed from tra ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - German Empire Prussia was the dominant factor in the unification of Germany. When the German Empire was established in 1871, Wilhelm I became emperor, Bismarck chancellor, and Berlin the capital.
In the meantime, Berlin had become an industrial city with 800,000 inhabitants. Improvements to the infrastructure were needed; in 1896 the construction of the subway (U-Bahn) and city train (S-Bahn) began. The neighborhoods around the city center (including Kreuzberg, Prenzlauer Berg, Friedrichshain and Wedding) were filled with tenement blocks.
The economic boom caused by the new function of Berlin was fo ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - German Empire |
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| | | | Stunde Null: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Third Reich Berlin had never been a center of the National Socialist (Nazi) movement, which had its roots in Bavaria. As the capital of the Weimar Republic, it constituted what the Nazis were fighting. But now it became the capital of the Third Reich.
On February 27, 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire. The fire gave Hitler the opportunity to set aside the constitution: for details, see "Reichstag fire".
Around 1933, some 160,000 Jews were living in Berlin: one third of all German Jews, 4% of the Berlin's population. A third of the ...
See also:History of Berlin, History of Berlin - Origin, History of Berlin - Slavic East Germany, History of Berlin - The Germans return, History of Berlin - Berlin and Cölln, History of Berlin - Mark Brandenburg, History of Berlin - Kingdom of Prussia, History of Berlin - German Empire, History of Berlin - Weimar Republic, History of Berlin - Third Reich, History of Berlin - Nazi plans for postwar Berlin, History of Berlin - The war comes to Berlin, History of Berlin - The divided city, History of Berlin - Blockade Airlift, History of Berlin - The June 17th Uprising, History of Berlin - Berlin Wall, History of Berlin - Student Movement, History of Berlin - Reunited, History of Berlin - Historical population Read more here: » History of Berlin: Encyclopedia II - History of Berlin - Third Reich |
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