strong AI

A chatterbot (also chatbot, chatterbox) is a bot program which attempts to maintain a conversation with a person. Chatterbot - Method of operation. A good understanding of a conversation is required to carry on a meaningful dialog but most chatterbots do not attempt this. Instead they attempt to pick up cue words or phrases from the person which will allow them to use pre-prepared or pre-calculated responses which can move the conversation on in an apparently meaningful way without requiring t ...

Including:

• Chatterbot - Method of operation
• Chatterbot - Early chatterbots
• Chatterbot - Advanced chatterbots
• Chatterbot - Malicious chatterbots
• Chatterbot - Chatterbots in modern AI

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer. Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, h ...

Including:

• Artificial intelligence - Schools of thought
• Artificial intelligence - History
• Artificial intelligence - Philosophy
• Artificial intelligence - Science fiction
• Artificial intelligence - Links to researchers projects & institutions

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Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artefact.1 The idea of producing an artificial sentient being is ancient and is featured in numerous myths such as the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanical men in Chrétien d ...

Including:

• Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers
• Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought
• Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study
• Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches
• Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent
• Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture
• Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness
• Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

Read more here: » Artificial consciousness: Encyclopedia - Artificial consciousness

In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

Including:

• Brain - Mind and brain
• Brain - History
• Brain - Modern neuroscience
• Brain - Comparative anatomy
• Brain - Invertebrates
• Brain - Vertebrates
• Brain - Neurobiology
• Brain - Histology
• Brain - Function
• Brain - Brain pathology
• Brain - The study of the brain
• Brain - Fields of study
• Brain - Methods of observation
• Brain - Other matters
• Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia - Brain

Modern AI research focuses on practical engineering tasks. This is known as weak AI and is distiniguished from strong AI, which would have sapience and reasoning abilities. There are several fields of AI, one of which is natural language. Many weak AI fields have specialised software or programming languages created for them. For example, one of the 'most-human' natural language chatterbots, A.L.I.C.E., uses a programming language AIML that is specific to its program, and the various clones, named Alicebots. Neverthel ...

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Chatterbot, Chatterbot - Method of operation, Chatterbot - Early chatterbots, Chatterbot - Advanced chatterbots, Chatterbot - Malicious chatterbots, Chatterbot - Chatterbots in modern AI

Read more here: » Chatterbot: Encyclopedia II - Chatterbot - Chatterbots in modern AI

AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: Conventional AI and Computational Intelligence (CI). Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, neat AI and Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI). (Also see semantics.) Methods include: Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide con ...

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Artificial intelligence, Artificial intelligence - Schools of thought, Artificial intelligence - History, Artificial intelligence - Philosophy, Artificial intelligence - Science fiction, Artificial intelligence - Links to researchers projects & institutions

Read more here: » Artificial intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Artificial intelligence - Schools of thought

Brain - The brain in animals. Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates and their cousins) [1]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central ...

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Brain, Brain - The importance of the brain, Brain - The brain in animals, Brain - Pathology of the brain, Brain - Other matters, Brain - The biology of the brain, Brain - Histology, Brain - Anatomy, Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates, Brain - Function, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - History, Brain - The brain as a food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - The importance of the brain

In essence embodiment as an idea binds two worlds of substance and spirit, contrary to a duality long posited by notables like Descartes. The core idea looks to find the biological substrate not as a vessel, but as the being itself. The mind and spirit are not a sublimation of the biology, but are a method of its workings. Thus body and mind are fused into a single being - the only distinction between ...

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Embodiment, Embodiment - Philosophy of embodiment, Embodiment - Key ideas, Embodiment - Embodiment in Artificial Intelligence

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Searle's early works built on the efforts of his teachers, J. L. Austin and P. F. Strawson. In particular Searle's Speech Acts developed Austin's analysis of performative utterances. Searle focused on what Austin had called illocutionary acts, acts performed in saying something. In this analysis the sentences (Speech Acts p. 22) Sam smokes habitually. Does Sam smoke habitually? Sam, smoke habitually ...

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John Searle, John Searle - Illocutionary force, John Searle - Strong AI, John Searle - Intentionality, John Searle - Social intentionality, John Searle - Constructing social reality

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There are various aspects of consciousness generally deemed necessary for a machine to be artificially conscious. A variety of functions in which consciousness plays a role were suggested by Bernard Baars. The aim of AC is to define whether and how these and other aspects of consciousness can be synthesized in an engineered artefact such as digital computer. This list is not exhaustive; there are many others not covered. A generally accepted criterion for sentience and consciousness is self-awareness: one dictionary defines conscio ...

See also:

Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

Read more here: » Artificial consciousness: Encyclopedia II - Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers

Probably the most famous piece of research undertaken by Professor Warwick (aka Captain Cyborg) is the set of experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which he had a chip implanted into his arm, with the aim of "becoming a cyborg". The first stage of this research, which began on August 24, 1998, involved a simple RFID transmitter being implanted beneath Professor Warwick's skin, and used to control doors, lights, heaters, and other computer-controlled devices based on his proximity. The main purpose of this experiment was to test the limits of what the body would accept, and how easy it would ...

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Kevin Warwick, Kevin Warwick - Project Cyborg, Kevin Warwick - Implications and criticisms, Kevin Warwick - Personal opinions, Kevin Warwick - Other activities

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In 1955, while still a student, Penrose reinvented the generalized inverse (also known as Moore-Penrose inverse, see Penrose, R. "A Generalized Inverse for Matrices." Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 406-413, 1955.) Penrose earned his Ph.D. at Cambridge in 1958, writing a thesis on tensor methods in algebraic geometry under the well known algebraicist and geometer John A. Todd. In 1965 at Cambridge, Penrose proved that singularities (such as black holes) could be formed from the gravitational collapse of dy ...

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Roger Penrose, Roger Penrose - Career, Roger Penrose - Physics and consciousness, Roger Penrose - Awards, Roger Penrose - Books

Read more here: » Roger Penrose: Encyclopedia II - Roger Penrose - Career

In 2000, right around the founding of the Singularity Institute, two books were released that discussed the potential and near-term (before 2040) feasibility of strong AI. These were Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind by Carnegie Mellon robotics guru Hans Moravec and The Age of Spiritual Machines by Ray Kurzweil. The widespread popularity and success of both these books contributed to the early growth and support of SIAI as an organization. Primarily existing as an online entity, SIAI's main donor base consists of ...

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Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Founding, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Early years, Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence - Recent progress

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Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a somewhat recent (1960s) development in computer science. If sentient AIs, as depicted in many science fiction movies, became real, many ethical problems would derive from that. Could a computer simulate an animal or human brain in a way that the simulation should receive the same animal rights or human rights as the actual creature? Under what preconditions could such a simulation be allowed to happen at all? What are the possible criteria for a computer, whether it simulate ...

See also:

Philosophy of artificial intelligence, Philosophy of artificial intelligence - Strong vs. Weak AI, Philosophy of artificial intelligence - Ethical Issues of AI, Philosophy of artificial intelligence - Expectations of AI

Read more here: » Philosophy of artificial intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of artificial intelligence - Ethical Issues of AI

Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates)[6]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - Comparative anatomy

The most common theory of perception is naïve realism in which people believe that what they perceive is things in themselves. Children develop this theory as a working hypothesis of how to deal with the world. Many people who have not studied biology carry this theory into adult life and regard their perception to be the world itself rather than a pattern that overlays the form of the world. Thomas Reid took this theory a step further, he realised that sensation was composed of a set of data transfers but declared that these were in some w ...

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Philosophy of perception, Philosophy of perception - Introduction, Philosophy of perception - Categories of perception, Philosophy of perception - The Scientific Account of Perception, Philosophy of perception - Philosophical ideas about perception, Philosophy of perception - Cognitive Processing and Epiphenomenalism, Philosophy of perception - Perceptual Space

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Dennett's theory has received some criticism. At least part of this is because of the tone of his presentation. As one grudging supporter admits, "there is much in this book that is disputable. And Dennett is at times aggravatingly smug and confident about the merits of his arguments [...]. All in all Dennett's book is annoying, frustrating, insightful, provocative and above all annoying." (Korb 1993) Much of the criticism asserts that Dennett's theory attacks the wrong target, failing to explain what it claims to. Some even parody th ...

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Multiple Drafts Model, Multiple Drafts Model - Critical Responses to Multiple Drafts

Read more here: » Multiple Drafts Model: Encyclopedia II - Multiple Drafts Model - Critical Responses to Multiple Drafts

There are various aspects of consciousness generally deemed necessary for a machine to be artificially conscious. A variety of functions in which consciousness plays a role were suggested by Bernard Baars. The aim of AC is to define whether and how these and other aspects of consciousness can be synthesized in an engineered artefact such as digital computer. This list is not exhaustive; there are many others not covered. A generally accepted criterion for sentience and consciousness is self-awareness: one dictionary defines conscio ...

See also:

Artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The nature of consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Information processing and consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers, Artificial consciousness - Schools of thought, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness as a field of study, Artificial consciousness - Practical approaches, Artificial consciousness - Franklin’s Intelligent Distribution Agent, Artificial consciousness - Haikonen’s Cognitive architecture, Artificial consciousness - Testing for artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - The ethics of artificial consciousness, Artificial consciousness - Artificial consciousness in literature and movies

Read more here: » Artificial consciousness: Encyclopedia II - Artificial consciousness - Consciousness in digital computers

Though often thought to have originated in the last two decades of the 20th century, the idea of a technological singularity actually dates back to the 1950s: "One conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue." —Stanislaw Ulam, May 1958, referring to a conversation with John von Neumann This quote is sometimes taken out of context and attributed to ...

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Technological singularity, Technological singularity - History and definitions, Technological singularity - Creating superhuman intelligence, Technological singularity - Kurzweil's Law of Accelerating Returns, Technological singularity - The desirability and safety of the Singularity, Technological singularity - Neo-Luddite views, Technological singularity - The Singularity in fiction and modern culture, Technological singularity - Organizations and other prominent voices

Read more here: » Technological singularity: Encyclopedia II - Technological singularity - History and definitions

Roger Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1972. In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose were jointly awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1985, he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. In 1989 he was awarded the Dirac Medal and Prize of the British Institute of Physics. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics in 1988. In 1990 Roger Penrose was awarded the Albert ...

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Roger Penrose, Roger Penrose - Career, Roger Penrose - Physics and consciousness, Roger Penrose - Awards, Roger Penrose - Books

Read more here: » Roger Penrose: Encyclopedia II - Roger Penrose - Awards