Encyclopedia - String Theory Landscape: Encyclopedia - String Theory Landscape
The string theory landscape or anthropic landscape refers to the large number of different false vacua in string theory. It arises from t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - Problems
String theory remains to be verified. No version of string theory has yet made a prediction which differs from those made by other theori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - History
String theory was originally invented to explain peculiarities of hadron (subatomic particle which experiences the strong nuclear force) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of String Theory Topics: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of String Theory Topics - String Theory
List of string theory topics - String dualities. T-duality S-duality U-duality Mysterious duality Montonen-Olive duality Seiberg duali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - Basic Properties
The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theorie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - Basic Properties
The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theorie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brane Cosmology: Encyclopedia - Brane Cosmology
Brane cosmology is a protoscience motivated by, but not rigorously derived from, superstring theory and M-theory. The idea is to solve pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calabi-yau Manifold: Encyclopedia - Calabi-yau Manifold
In mathematics, a Calabi-Yau manifold is a compact Kähler manifold with a vanishing first Chern class. A Calabi-Yau manifold of complex ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia - String Computer Science
In computer programming and some branches of mathematics, strings are sequences of various simple objects. These simple objects are selec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Why 10 Dimensions?: Encyclopedia - Why 10 Dimensions?
In our personal human experiences, we seem to exist in a universe with three spatial dimensions. Some theories in physics, including stri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle: Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle
In cosmology, the anthropic principle in its most basic form states the truism that any valid theory of the universe must be consistent w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D-brane: Encyclopedia - D-brane
In theoretical physics, D-branes are a special class of p-branes, named for the physicist Johann Dirichlet. Dirichlet boundary conditions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tachyon: Encyclopedia - Tachyon
A tachyon (from the Greek ταχύς takhús, meaning "swift") is any hypothetical particle that travels at superluminal velocity. The fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fourth Dimension: Encyclopedia - Fourth Dimension
The concept of a fourth dimension is one that is often described in considering its physical implications, that is, we know that in three...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiverse: Encyclopedia - Multiverse
edit A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes, including the observable universe, which com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compactification Physics: Encyclopedia - Compactification Physics
In physics, compactification plays an important part in string theory. In string theory, compactification refers to "curling up" the extr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Complexity Theory: Encyclopedia - Complexity Theory
Complexity theory can refer to more than one thing: Computational complexity theory: a field in theoretical computer science and mathema...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sympathetic: Encyclopedia - Sympathetic
The word sympathetic means different things in different contexts. In neurology, the sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superstring Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Superstring Theory - Number Of Dimensions
Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superstring Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Superstring Theory - Extra Dimensions
Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Superstring Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Superstring Theory - Number Of Superstring Theories
Theoretical physicists were troubled by the existence of five separate superstring theories. This has been solved by the second superstri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orbifold: Encyclopedia Ii - Orbifold - Orbifolds In String Theory
In string theory, the word "orbifold" has a slightly new meaning. For mathematicians, an orbifold is a generalization of the notion of ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tachyon: Encyclopedia Ii - Tachyon - Field And String Theories
In quantum field theory, a tachyon is a quantum of a field—usually a scalar field—whose squared mass is negative. The existence of su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - D-brane: Encyclopedia Ii - D-brane - D-branes In String Theory
D-brane - Theoretical background. Most versions of string theory involve two, closely related, types of string: open strings with unjoi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Why 10 Dimensions?: Encyclopedia Ii - Why 10 Dimensions? - Why 10 11 Or 26 Physical Dimensions In String Theory?
This is one of the questions discussed by Michio Kaku in his book Hyperspace. That book is an attempt to translate the mathematics of hyp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - Formal Theory
One starts with a non-empty finite set Σ called an alphabet. Elements of this alphabet are called characters. A string (or word) over Σ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - Formal Theory
One starts with a non-empty finite set Σ called an alphabet. Elements of this alphabet are called characters. A string (or word) over Σ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - String Physics - Types Of Strings
String physics - Closed and open strings. Strings can be either open or closed. A closed string is a string that has no end-points, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - String Datatypes
A string datatype is a datatype modeled on the idea of a formal string. Strings are such an important and useful datatype that they are i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - String Algorithms
There are many algorithms for processing strings, each with various tradeoffs. Some categories of algorithms include string searching al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - Character String Oriented Languages And Utilities
Character strings are such a useful datatype that several languages have been designed in order to make string processing applications ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - String Datatypes
A string datatype is a datatype modeled on the idea of a formal string. Strings are such an important and useful datatype that they are i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Gravity - Theories
There are a number of proposed quantum gravity theories: String theory/superstring theory/M-theory Supergravity AdS/CFT Wheeler-deWitt e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - String Algorithms
There are many algorithms for processing strings, each with various tradeoffs. Some categories of algorithms include string searching al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - String Computer Science - String Oriented Languages And Utilities
Strings are such a useful datatype that several languages have been designed in order to make string processing applications easy to writ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calabi-yau Manifold: Encyclopedia Ii - Calabi-yau Manifold - Examples
In one complex dimension, the only examples are family of tori. Note that the Ricci-flat metric on the torus is actually a flat metric, s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - History And Experimental Searches
SUSY was discovered during the 70's while studying a string theory which includes fermions. SUSY, however, is independent of superstring ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - History And Experimental Searches
SUSY was discovered during the 70's while studying a string theory which includes fermions. SUSY, however, is independent of superstring ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orbifold: Encyclopedia Ii - Orbifold - Formal Definition
The formal definition goes along the same lines as a definition of manifold, but instead of taking domains in Rn as the target spaces of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Why 10 Dimensions?: Encyclopedia Ii - Why 10 Dimensions? - Recap Before Getting To The Mathematics
String theory grew out of attempts to find a simple and elegant way to account for the diversity of particles and forces observed in our ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Why 10 Dimensions?: Encyclopedia Ii - Why 10 Dimensions? - Foundation: Let's Be Clear What We Are Talking About
All in one place: short definitions what are spatial dimensions? what is string theory? what is a string? what is a modular function? Mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Domain Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Domain Wall - Science Fiction
Domain walls have been in science fiction novels. Stephen Baxter's Xeelee series suggests domain walls being used to power spacecraft, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Holonomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Holonomy - On Vector Bundles
Let E be a rank k vector bundle over a smooth manifold M and let ∇ be a connection on E. Given a piecewise smooth loop γ : [0,1] ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Holonomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Holonomy - On Principal Bundles
The definition for holonomy of connections on principal bundles proceeds in parallel fashion. Let P be a principal G-bundle over a smooth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropic Principle - The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
In 1986, the controversial book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle by John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler (Oxford University Press) was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tachyon: Encyclopedia Ii - Tachyon - Basic Properties From A Special Relativity Perspective
As mentioned above, a tachyon is a particle with space-like four-momentum. If its energy and momentum are real, its rest mass is imaginar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Loop Quantum Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Loop Quantum Gravity - Loop Quantum Gravity In General And Its Ambitions
LQG in itself was initially less ambitious than string theory, purporting only to be a quantum theory of gravity. String theory, on the o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elementary Particle: Encyclopedia Ii - Elementary Particle - Standard Model
(main article with table of particles: Standard Model) The Standard Model of particle physics contains 12 flavours of elementary fermions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first famous scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to uni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropic Principle - Anthropic Bias And Anthropic Reasoning
In 2002, Nick Bostrom asked "Is it possible to sum up the essence of observation selection effects in a simple statement?" He concluded t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tachyon: Encyclopedia Ii - Tachyon - Causality
The property of causality, a fundamental principle of theoretical particle physics, poses a problem for the physical existence of tachyon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tachyon: Encyclopedia Ii - Tachyon - Tachyons In Fiction
In the Star Trek fictional universe, tachyons are frequently invoked to explain some aspect of the Romulan cloaking device. Cloaked ships...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first well-known scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elementary Particle: Encyclopedia Ii - Elementary Particle - Beyond The Standard Model
Elementary particle - Supersymmetry. One major extension of the standard model involves supersymmetric particles, abbreviated as sparti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anthropic Principle: Encyclopedia Ii - Anthropic Principle - Proponents And Versions
Proponents of the anthropic principle suggest that we live in a fine-tuned universe, i.e. a universe that appears to be "fine-tuned" to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Mainstream Physics
Albert Einstein was the first serious scientist who spent most of his life trying to find a TOE; he believed that the only task was to un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Beta-function
The beta function of a quantum field theory measures the running of a coupling parameter. It is defined by the relation For most t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Fine Structure Constant
The coupling constant comes into its own in a quantum field theory. A special role is played in relativistic quantum theories by coupling...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Gravity - The Incompatibility Of Quantum Mechanics And General Relativity
At present, one of the deepest problems in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiverse: Encyclopedia Ii - Multiverse - Arguments Against Multiverse Theories
It's not science. Critics claim that there is a lack of empirical correlation and testability in these theories and thus they are without...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Qcd Scale
The quantity Λ is called the QCD scale. The value is known pretty accurately to be This value is to be used at a scale above the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Gauge Coupling
In a non-Abelian gauge theory, the gauge coupling parameter, g, appears in the Lagrangian as (where G is the gauge field tensor) i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiverse: Encyclopedia Ii - Multiverse - Multiverse Hypotheses In Physics
Multiverse - Classification. According to Max Tegmark, the existence of other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Where The Standard Model Comes Up Short
The Standard Model of physics is among the most successful theories in history, but it fails to explain all of the unsolved problems and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Motivations
One of the main motivations for SUSY comes from the quadratic divergence of the mass squared of scalar bosons. Put more simply, it means ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multiverse: Encyclopedia Ii - Multiverse - Multiverse Hypotheses In Philosophy
Multiverse - Anthropic principle. The concept of other universes has been proposed to explain why our universe seems to be fine-tuned f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Other Efforts
Attempts to create theories of everything are common among people outside the professional physics community. Some are created by amateur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fourth Dimension: Encyclopedia Ii - Fourth Dimension - Concepts
Fourth dimension - Vector spaces. In treating space to be akin to a vector space, that is, a set of vectors which we can think of as ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Where The Standard Model Comes Up Short
The Standard Model of physics is among the most successful theories in history, but it fails to explain everything. It doesn't explain th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fourth Dimension: Encyclopedia Ii - Fourth Dimension - Reality And The Fourth Dimension
The universe that we inhabit seems to be three-dimensional. We can move ourselves and other objects in three dimensions — up/down, left...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Running Coupling
One can probe a quantum field theory at short times or distances by changing the wavelength or momentum, k of the probe one uses. With a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Motivations
One of the main motivations for SUSY comes from the quadratic divergence of the mass squared of scalar bosons. Put more simply, it means ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Where The Standard Model Comes Up Short
The Standard Model of physics is among the most successful theories in history, but it fails to explain everything. It doesn't explain th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Landau Pole And Asymptotic Freedom
We noted that QED is weakly coupled at long distances, but the coupling increases at short distances. This increase was first noticed by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coupling Constant: Encyclopedia Ii - Coupling Constant - Charge Colour Charge Etc
In quantum field theory, since the size of the interaction term is absorbed into the notion of the coupling constant (more correctly coup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theory Of Everything: Encyclopedia Ii - Theory Of Everything - Amateur Efforts
Attempts to create theories of everything are common among people outside the professional physics community. Some are created by amateur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Gravity - Overview
Much of the difficulty in merging these theories comes from the radically different assumptions that these theories make on how the unive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Mind: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Mind - Introduction
The nature of consciousness and its place in the universe remain unknown. Classical models view consciousness as computation among the br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Gravity: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Gravity - Historical Perspective
Historically, there have been two reactions to the apparent inconsistency of quantum theories with the necessary background independence ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Mind: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Mind - Various Quantum Theories Of Mind
Quantum mind - Vibrations of the aether. A relation between consciousness and quantum effects has been pondered for nearly a century, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quantum Mind: Encyclopedia Ii - Quantum Mind - Criticisms
Broadly, the arguments against the possibility are: First, comparatively large and high temperature items like neurons just do not exist ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Algorithms: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Algorithms - Compression Algorithms
List of algorithms - Lossless compression algorithms. Burrows-Wheeler transform: preprocessing useful for improving lossless compressi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Algorithms: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Algorithms - Combinatorial Algorithms
List of algorithms - General combinatorial algorithms. Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm: finds cycles in iterations (uniformly distribu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Algorithms: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Algorithms - Operating Systems Algorithms
Disk scheduling algorithms: Elevator algorithm: Disk scheduling algorithm that works like elevator. shortest seek first:: Diks schedulin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - M-theory: Encyclopedia Ii - M-theory - Basics
It was believed before 1995 that there were exactly five consistent superstring theories, which are called, respectively, the Type I stri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Supersymmetry And Quantum Gravity Theories
Supersymmetry is part of a larger enterprise of theoretical physics to unify everything we know about the physical world into a single fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - The Supersymmetric Standard Model
To incorporate supersymmetry into particle physics, the Standard Model must be extended to include about twice as many particles, since t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - The Supersymmetry Algebra
Traditional symmetries in physics are generated by objects that transform under the various tensor representations of the Poincaré group...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics
Understanding the consequences of supersymmetry has proven mathematically daunting, and it has likewise been difficult to develop theorie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - The Supersymmetric Standard Model
To incorporate supersymmetry into particle physics, the Standard Model must be extended to include about twice as many particles, since t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - The Supersymmetry Algebra
Traditional symmetries in physics are generated by objects that transform under the various tensor representations of the Poincaré group...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics
Understanding the consequences of supersymmetry has proven mathematically daunting, and it has likewise been difficult to develop theorie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supersymmetry: Encyclopedia Ii - Supersymmetry - Supersymmetry And Quantum Gravity Theories
Supersymmetry is part of a larger enterprise of theoretical physics to unify everything we know about the physical world into a single fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cosmic String: Encyclopedia Ii - Cosmic String - Observational Evidence
Cosmic strings were once thought to be an explanation of the large scale structure of the universe, but all what is known today through g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Art Bell: Encyclopedia Ii - Art Bell - Philippine Allegations
A hoax e-mail recounting Bell's allegedly racist statements, calling the Philippines "a disgusting and filthy place" on-air, has been cir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Art Bell: Encyclopedia Ii - Art Bell - Early Years
Bell was born to Arthur Bell, Jr., a United States Marine Corps Captain, and Jane Bell, a Marine drill instructor. He was always interest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Art Bell: Encyclopedia Ii - Art Bell - Background
Bell's original program in Las Vegas was a political call-in talk radio show, but he tired of the format, believing there were too many s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - Problems
String theory remains to be verified. No version of string theory has yet made a prediction which differs from those made by other theori...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - History
String theory was originally invented to explain peculiarities of hadron (subatomic particle which experiences the strong nuclear force) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - String Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - String Theory - Popular Culture
The book The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene was adapted into a three-hour documentary for Nova. String theory is also a series of books...   » Read the article