The string theory landscape or anthropic landscape refers to the large number of different false vacua in string theory. It arises from the idea that there are an extremely large number of metastable vacua (ground states) in string theory.[1] The large number of possibilites arise from different choices of Calabi-Yau manifolds and different values of generalized magnetic fluxes over different homology cycles.

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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String theory was originally invented to explain peculiarities of hadron (subatomic particle which experiences the strong nuclear force) behavior. In particle-accelerator experiments, physicists observed that the spin of a hadron is never larger than a certain multiple of the square of its energy. No simple model of the hadron, such as picturing it as a set of smaller particles held together by spring-like forces, was able to explain these relationships. In 1968, theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano was trying to understand the strong nu ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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List of string theory topics - String dualities. T-duality S-duality U-duality Mysterious duality Montonen-Olive duality Seiberg duality List of string theory topics - Particles and fields. graviton dilaton tachyon Ramond-Ramond field Kalb-Ramond field magnetic monopole List of string theory topics - Branes. p-brane < ...

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List of string theory topics, List of string theory topics - String theory, List of string theory topics - String dualities, List of string theory topics - Particles and fields, List of string theory topics - Branes, List of string theory topics - Supersymmetry, List of string theory topics - Conformal field theory, List of string theory topics - Geometry, List of string theory topics - Holography, List of string theory topics - Gauge theory, List of string theory topics - People

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The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theories created by adding supersymmetry. Nowadays, 'string theory' usually refers to the supersymmetric variant while the earlier is given its full name, 'bosonic string theory'. While understanding the details of string and superstring theories requires considerable mathematical sophistication, some qualitative properties of quantum strings can be understood in a fairly intuitive fashion. For example, qua ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theories created by adding supersymmetry. Nowadays, 'string theory' usually refers to the supersymmetric variant while the earlier is given its full name, 'bosonic string theory'. While understanding the details of string and superstring theories requires considerable mathematical sophistication, some qualitative properties of quantum strings can be understood in a fairly intuitive fashion. For example, qua ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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Brane cosmology is a protoscience motivated by, but not rigorously derived from, superstring theory and M-theory. The idea is to solve problems in cosmology using speculative particle physics theories and in turn use cosmological observations to motivate ideas in string theory. The central idea is that our visible, four-dimensional universe is entirely restricted to a brane inside a higher-dimensional space, called the bulk. The additional dimensions may be taken to be compact, in which case the observed universe contains the e ...

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In mathematics, a Calabi-Yau manifold is a compact Kähler manifold with a vanishing first Chern class. A Calabi-Yau manifold of complex dimension n is also called a Calabi-Yau n-fold. The mathematician Eugenio Calabi conjectured in 1957 that all such manifolds admit a Ricci-flat metric (one in each Kähler class), and this conjecture was proved by Shing-Tung Yau in 1977 and became Yau's theorem. Consequently, a Calabi-Yau manifold can ...

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Calabi-Yau manifold - Examples Calabi-Yau manifold - Application in string theory

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In computer programming and some branches of mathematics, strings are sequences of various simple objects. These simple objects are selected from a predetermined set, each entry of which is usually allocated a code. Most commonly these simple objects will be printable characters and the control codes that are used with them. The data types in which these are stored are also called strings and it is fairly common to use these types to store arbitrary, variable-length sequences of binary data. Generally, a string can be placed directly ...

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String computer science - String datatypes
String computer science - Representations String computer science - Memory management
String computer science - String algorithms String computer science - String oriented languages and utilities String computer science - Formal theory

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In our personal human experiences, we seem to exist in a universe with three spatial dimensions. Some theories in physics, including string theory, include the idea that there are additional spatial dimensions. Such theories suggest that there may be a specific number of spatial dimensions such as 10. The question, "Why 10 dimensions?" arises from these theories. Why 10 dimensions? - Why 10 11 or 26 physical dimensions in string theory?. This is one of the questions discussed by Michio Kaku in his book H ...

Including:

Why 10 dimensions? - Why 10 11 or 26 physical dimensions in string theory? Why 10 dimensions? - Foundation: let's be clear what we are talking about
Why 10 dimensions? - Spatial dimensions Why 10 dimensions? - String theory Why 10 dimensions? - Strings
Why 10 dimensions? - Recap before getting to the mathematics
Why 10 dimensions? - Modular functions Why 10 dimensions? - What is the connection between modular functions and string theory? Why 10 dimensions? - Ramanujan modular functions

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In cosmology, the anthropic principle in its most basic form states the truism that any valid theory of the universe must be consistent with our existence as carbon-based human beings at this particular time and place in the universe. In other words, "If something must be true for us, as humans, to exist; then it is true simply because we exist." Attempts to apply this principle to develop scientific explanations in cosmology have led to some confusion and much controversy. Anthropic principle - Origin. The ...

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Anthropic principle - Origin Anthropic principle - Proponents and versions Anthropic principle - The Anthropic Cosmological Principle Anthropic principle - Anthropic principle in string theory Anthropic principle - Anthropic bias and anthropic reasoning Anthropic principle - Footnote

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In theoretical physics, D-branes are a special class of p-branes, named for the physicist Johann Dirichlet. Dirichlet boundary conditions have long been used in the study of fluids and potential theory, where they involve specifying some quantity all along a boundary. In fluid dynamics, fixing a Dirichlet boundary condition could mean assigning a known fluid velocity to all points on a surface; when studying electrostatics, one may establish Dirichlet boundary conditions by fixing the voltage to known values at particular locations, l ...

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D-brane - D-branes in string theory
D-brane - Theoretical background D-brane - Braneworld cosmology D-brane - Gauge theories D-brane - Black holes

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A tachyon (from the Greek ταχύς takhús, meaning "swift") is any hypothetical particle that travels at superluminal velocity. The first theoretical description of tachyons is attributed to German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld; however, the concept has recurred in a variety of other contexts, such as string theory. Many strange properties have been attributed to tachyons, which also play a role in some popular science fiction. In the language of special relativity, a tachyon is a particle with space-like four-momentum and ima ...

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Tachyon - Basic properties from a special relativity perspective Tachyon - Causality Tachyon - Field and string theories Tachyon - Tachyons in fiction

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The concept of a fourth dimension is one that is often described in considering its physical implications, that is, we know that in three dimensions, we have dimensions of length (or depth), width, and height. The fourth dimension is said to be at right angles to these three. The cardinal directions in the three known dimensions are called up/down (altitude), north/south (longitude), and east/west (latitude). When speaking of the fourth dimension, an additional pair of terms is needed. Attested terms include ana/kata (sometimes called ...

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Fourth dimension - Concepts
Fourth dimension - Vector spaces Fourth dimension - Projection Fourth dimension - Dimensional analogy
Fourth dimension - Reality and the fourth dimension Fourth dimension - String theory Fourth dimension - Fourth Dimension in Science Fiction and Pop Culture

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edit A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes, including the observable universe, which comprise the absolute whole of physical reality. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in physics, philosophy; and fiction, particularly in science fiction. (The specific term "multiverse" ...

Including:

Multiverse - Multiverse hypotheses in physics
Multiverse - Classification Multiverse - Open multiverse Multiverse - Bubble Theory Multiverse - Big bounce Multiverse - Many world interpretation of quantum physics Multiverse - M-theory Multiverse - String Landscape
Multiverse - Arguments against multiverse theories Multiverse - Multiverse hypotheses in philosophy
Multiverse - Anthropic principle Multiverse - Modal realism Multiverse - Trans-world identity issues
Multiverse - Fictional multiverses

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In physics, compactification plays an important part in string theory. In string theory, compactification refers to "curling up" the extra dimensions (six in the superstring theory), usually on Calabi-Yau spaces or on orbifolds. The mechanism behind this type of compactification is described by the Kaluza-Klein theory. See also compact dimension. The formulation of more precise versions of the meaning of compactification in this context has been promoted by discoveries such as the mysterious duality.

Complexity theory can refer to more than one thing: Computational complexity theory: a field in theoretical computer science and mathematics dealing with the resources required during computation to solve a given problem The theoretical treatment of descriptive complexity (or Kolmogorov complexity) of a string is studied in algorithmic information theory by identifying the length of the shortest binary program which can output that string. Systems theory (or systemics o

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The word sympathetic means different things in different contexts. In neurology, the sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system. In music theory, sympathetic strings are strings on a musical instrument that resonate on their own. In psychology, sympathy is a feeling of compassion or identification with another. Other related archivesautonomic nervous system, music theory, musical instrument, neurology, psychology, resonate, sympa

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Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevents a theory from involving more than 4 dimensions, per se. In the case of string theory, consistency requires spacetime to have 10, 11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is resolved by making the unobserved dimensions compact dimensions. Our minds have difficulty visualizing higher dimensions because we can only move in three spatial dimensions. Even then, we only see in 2+1 ...

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Superstring theory, Superstring theory - Number of dimensions, Superstring theory - Number of superstring theories

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Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevents a theory from involving more than 4 dimensions, per se. In the case of string theory, consistency requires spacetime to have 10, 11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is resolved by making the unobserved dimensions compact dimensions. Our minds have difficulty visualizing higher dimensions because we can only move in three spatial dimensions. Even then, we only see in 2+1 ...

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Superstring theory, Superstring theory - Extra dimensions, Superstring theory - Number of superstring theories

Read more here: » Superstring theory: Encyclopedia II - Superstring theory - Extra dimensions