Strategos

From 501 BC the Athenian democracy elected ten generals elected each year, one for each of the ten democratic 'tribes'. Originally the generals worked together with the old polemarch ('war leader'), but while the name remained this figure soon lost all military function . Strategos literally means 'leader of the army', hence the translation general, but once Athens at the instigation of Themistocles became a naval power, the generals had charge of the navy as well. The ten generals were equals of each other without any ranking: at the ...

See also:

Strategos, Strategos - The office of Strategos in Athenian democracy, Strategos - References, Strategos - The office of Strategos in other ancient Greek states, Strategos - Modern use, Strategos - Fictional uses

Read more here: » Strategos: Encyclopedia II - Strategos - The office of Strategos in Athenian democracy

A governor is also a device that regulates the speed of a machine. See Governor (device). A governor is a governing official, usually in chief (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has been granted exercise of sovereignty, even with its own armed forces, in a colonial area, often both colonizing and exploiting, sometimes a major state within the sta ...

Including:

• Governor - Etymology
• Governor - Pre-Roman empires
• Governor - Egypt
• Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond
• Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps
• Governor - Roman empires and legacy
• Governor - In ancient Rome
• Governor - Byzantium
• Governor - Legacy
• Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states
• Governor - Turkish rule
• Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth
• Governor - Colonial style
• Governor - New style
• Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union
• Governor - Other Colonial empires
• Governor - Other modern Asian countries
• Governor - People's Republic of China
• Governor - Philippines
• Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas
• Governor - United States
• Governor - Mexico
• Governor - Brazil
• Governor - South America
• Governor - Other European countries and empires
• Governor - Benelux monarchies
• Governor - France & Napoleon
• Governor - Italy
• Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity
• Governor - Scandinavia
• Governor - Other modern African countries
• Governor - Modern equivalents
• Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia - Governor

The Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy. Most of the offices and titles were honorifics only, as the emperor was the sole ruler. Over the more than 1000 years of the empire's existence, different titles were adopted and discarded, and many lost or gained prestige. At first the various titles of the empire were the same as those in the late Roman Empire, as the Byzantine Empire was not yet distinguished from Rome. By the time of Heraclius in the 7th century many of the titles had become obsolete; by the time o ...

Including:

• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Aristocratic titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Military titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative titles
• Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Sources

Read more here: » Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy: Encyclopedia - Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy

The Athenian democracy (sometimes called classical democracy) was the democratic system developed in the Greek city-state of Athens (comprising the physical city of Athens and its surrounding territory Attica). Athens was the very first known democracy, and the most important in ancient times. Other Greek cities set up democracies, most but not all following an Athenian model, but none were as powerful or as stable (or, relatively speaking, as well-documented) as that of Athens. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in ...

Including:

• Athenian democracy - Overview
• Athenian democracy - Assembly
• Athenian democracy - Officeholders
• Athenian democracy - Council of 500
• Athenian democracy - Courts
• Athenian democracy - Shifting balance between Assembly and Courts
• Athenian democracy - Citizen-initiator
• Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion
• Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population
• Athenian democracy - Citizenship in Athens
• Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance
• Athenian democracy - Council of 500
• Athenian democracy - Assembly
• Athenian democracy - Athenian Courts
• Athenian democracy - Officeholders
• Athenian democracy - Selection by lot Allotment
• Athenian democracy - Elected
• Athenian democracy - Individualism in Athenian democracy
• Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

Read more here: » Athenian democracy: Encyclopedia - Athenian democracy

In the British Empire a governor was originally an official appointed by the British monarch to oversee one of his colonies. Generally of the gubernatorial offices established under the British, the structure comprised three levels:— Governor-General (formerly in charge of a group of colonies, and now also with largely ceremonial functions in relation to independent, sovereign Commonwealth Realms); Governor (in charge of a colony); and Lieutenant-Governor (in charge of a sub-colonial unit, usually styled a "province"). (Note: colony in this sense means ...

See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth

Bean was born in Rotterdam as the result of an illegal experiment in genetic engineering conducted by a scientist named Volescu. In the experiment, Volescu turned "Anton's Key," which allows for virtually unlimited intelligence; however, the drawback is that those with Anton's Key turned never stop growing, and eventually die (around the age of 20) because the heart cannot grow enough to continue pumping blood to an ever-growing vascular system. Bean's parents, Grecians Julian and Elena Delphiki, had conceived one child (Nikolai Delphiki), t ...

See also:

Bean character, Bean character - Ender's Shadow, Bean character - Shadow of the Hegemon, Bean character - Shadow Puppets, Bean character - Shadow of the Giant, Bean character - Beyond

Read more here: » Bean character: Encyclopedia II - Bean character - Ender's Shadow

Athenian democracy has had many critics, both ancient and modern. Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body, but in the ancient world the complaint if anything went in the opposite direction. Ancient authors were almost invariably from an elite background for whom giving poor and uneducated people power over their betters seemed a reversal of the proper, rational order of society. For them the demos in democracy meant not the whole people, but the people as opposed to the elite. Instea ...

See also:

Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Overview, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Courts, Athenian democracy - Shifting balance between Assembly and Courts, Athenian democracy - Citizen-initiator, Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion, Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population, Athenian democracy - Citizenship in Athens, Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Athenian Courts, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Selection by lot Allotment, Athenian democracy - Elected, Athenian democracy - Individualism in Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

Read more here: » Athenian democracy: Encyclopedia II - Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

In the British Empire a governor was originally an official appointed by the British monarch to oversee one of his colonies. Generally of the gubernatorial offices established under the British, the structure comprised three levels:— Governor-General (formerly in charge of a group of colonies, and now also with largely ceremonial functions in relation to independent, sovereign Commonwealth Realms); Governor (in charge of a colony); and Lieutenant-Governor (in charge of a sub-colonial unit, usually styled a "p ...

See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth

The following are the commoner modern grades of General, listed by seniority. Not all countries use all these ranks, although the lowest four are common to many. The highest rank is only used in the US. Grades of general are also not necessarily equal in all countries (for instance, in some countries Major General is the lowest general officer rank and may well be closer to Brigadier General in countries that have them). In some European and Commonwealth nations, the equivalent to Brigadier General is Brigadier, which is not considere ...

See also:

General, General - General ranks by seniority, General - General ranks by country

Read more here: » General: Encyclopedia II - General - General ranks by seniority

Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles. Basileus (Βασιλεύς)– the Greek word for "king," which originally referred to any king in the Greek-speaking areas of the Roman Empire, such as Herod in Judea. It also referred to the emperors of Persia. Heraclius adopted it to replace the old Latin title of Augustus (Augoustos) in 629, and it became the Greek word for "emperor." Heraclius also used the titles autokrator (αυτοκράτωρ - "autocrat," " ...

See also:

Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Aristocratic titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Military titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Sources

Read more here: » Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Aristocratic titles

Governor - In ancient Rome. From the creation of the earliest Roman subject provinces a governor was appointed each year to administer each of them. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation and public spending in their area. Under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies (the consulate or praetorship) in Rome in the p ...

See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - Roman empires and legacy

Bean's tranquil life with the Delphikis is short-lived. When the family is on vacation, Achilles, who between the two books has used his not inconsiderable intellect to gain influence and power in Russia and other empire-minded countries, tries to outright kill them. Bean and the Delphikis separate; Bean lives with Sister Carlotta, and the Delphiki family disappears until a small appearance in Shadow of the Giant. Bean later learns that Achilles has captured all of Ender's jeesh except for Bean (which he tried to kill) and Ender (who ...

See also:

Bean character, Bean character - Ender's Shadow, Bean character - Shadow of the Hegemon, Bean character - Shadow Puppets, Bean character - Shadow of the Giant, Bean character - Beyond

Read more here: » Bean character: Encyclopedia II - Bean character - Shadow of the Hegemon

Governor - In ancient Rome. Main articles: Roman Governor, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - Roman empires and legacy

In this novel, Bean is around sixteen years old (the age is unknown because Volescu destroyed all of his records). Anton's Key has made him rapidly grow even faster; he is becoming a giant, and is nicknamed the African Giant, due to his noticeably African features. Bean's time on Earth is very limited; there is simply not enough time to find a cure in the span of his life. Bean plays a pivotal role in helping Peter to unite the world under the Hegemony. Peter creates the Free People of Earth (FPE) organization. To join, the people of ...

See also:

Bean character, Bean character - Ender's Shadow, Bean character - Shadow of the Hegemon, Bean character - Shadow Puppets, Bean character - Shadow of the Giant, Bean character - Beyond

Read more here: » Bean character: Encyclopedia II - Bean character - Shadow of the Giant

As a GENERIC term, Governor is used for various 'equivalent' officers governing part of a state or empire, rendering other official titles such as : colonial High Commissioner (not the Ambassadors exchanged within the Commonwealth) And this also applies to non-western and/or antique cultures ...

See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - Modern equivalents

Governor - People's Republic of China. In the People's Republic of China, the title "Governor" (省长) refers to the highest ranking executive of a Provincial Government. The Governor is usually placed second in the provincial power hierarchy, below the Provincial CPC Secretary (省委书记), who serves as the highest ranking Party official in the Province. A Governor can be also used when referring to a County Governor (县� ...

See also:

Governor, Governor - Etymology, Governor - Pre-Roman empires, Governor - Egypt, Governor - Mesopotamia and beyond, Governor - Pre- & hellenistic satraps, Governor - Roman empires and legacy, Governor - In ancient Rome, Governor - Byzantium, Governor - Legacy, Governor - Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states, Governor - Turkish rule, Governor - British Empire and Commonwealth, Governor - Colonial style, Governor - New style, Governor - Russia and former Soviet Union, Governor - Other Colonial empires, Governor - Other modern Asian countries, Governor - People's Republic of China, Governor - Philippines, Governor - Other modern countries in the Americas, Governor - United States, Governor - Mexico, Governor - Brazil, Governor - South America, Governor - Other European countries and empires, Governor - Benelux monarchies, Governor - France & Napoleon, Governor - Italy, Governor - Papal & Vatican particularity, Governor - Scandinavia, Governor - Other modern African countries, Governor - Modern equivalents, Governor - Furthermore the word has other meanings

Read more here: » Governor: Encyclopedia II - Governor - Other modern Asian countries

Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors. The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens: they were the people, no power was above them and they could not be reviewed, impeached or punished. However, when an Athenian took up an office, he was regarded as 'serving' the people. As such, he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it. There were two methods of selecting people as officeholders, lotte ...

See also:

Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Overview, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Courts, Athenian democracy - Shifting balance between Assembly and Courts, Athenian democracy - Citizen-initiator, Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion, Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population, Athenian democracy - Citizenship in Athens, Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Athenian Courts, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Selection by lot Allotment, Athenian democracy - Elected, Athenian democracy - Individualism in Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

Read more here: » Athenian democracy: Encyclopedia II - Athenian democracy - Officeholders

Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army. Exarchos - The exarchs were governors of remote parts of the empire such as Italy or Africa. They enjoyed a greater degree of independence than other provincial governors, combining both civil and military authority, practically acting as viceroys. Domestikos – the domestikoi were originally imperial guards, who became generals in the themes. They included: Megas Domestikos (Grand Domestic) - t ...

See also:

Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Aristocratic titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Imperial titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Court titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Military titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Army, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Navy, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Other military titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Administrative titles, Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Sources

Read more here: » Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy - Military titles

There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands. These are the assembly (in some cases with a quorum of 6000), the council of 500 (boule) and the courts (a minumum of 200 people, but running at least on some occasions up to 6000). Of these three bodies it is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power — although courts, unlike the assembly, were never simply called the demos (the People) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body, those ove ...

See also:

Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Overview, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Courts, Athenian democracy - Shifting balance between Assembly and Courts, Athenian democracy - Citizen-initiator, Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion, Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population, Athenian democracy - Citizenship in Athens, Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Athenian Courts, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Selection by lot Allotment, Athenian democracy - Elected, Athenian democracy - Individualism in Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

Read more here: » Athenian democracy: Encyclopedia II - Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance

Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population. The population of Attica can only be roughly guessed at as the Athenians themselves never conducted a complete census. Numbers of slaves and metics (resident aliens) in particular will have fluctuated. During the 4th century BC, the population of Athens may well have comprised some 250,000—300,000 people. Citizen families may have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 will have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in th ...

See also:

Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Overview, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Courts, Athenian democracy - Shifting balance between Assembly and Courts, Athenian democracy - Citizen-initiator, Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion, Athenian democracy - Size and make-up of the Athenian population, Athenian democracy - Citizenship in Athens, Athenian democracy - Main bodies of governance, Athenian democracy - Council of 500, Athenian democracy - Assembly, Athenian democracy - Athenian Courts, Athenian democracy - Officeholders, Athenian democracy - Selection by lot Allotment, Athenian democracy - Elected, Athenian democracy - Individualism in Athenian democracy, Athenian democracy - Criticism of the democracy

Read more here: » Athenian democracy: Encyclopedia II - Athenian democracy - Participation and exclusion