At the site of Strasbourg, the Romans established a military outpost and named it Argentoratum. It belonged to the Germania Superior Roman province. From the 4th century, Strasbourg was the seat of a bishopric. The Alamanni fought a battle against Rome in Strasbourg in 357. They were defeated by Julian, later Emperor of Rome, and their king Chonodomarius was taken prisoner. On January 2, 366 the Alamanni crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers, to invade the Roman Empire. Early in the 5th century the Alamanni appear to have crossed the Rhine, conquered and then settled what is today A ...

See also:

Strasbourg, Strasbourg - Geography, Strasbourg - Sights, Strasbourg - History, Strasbourg - Demography, Strasbourg - Education, Strasbourg - Transportation, Strasbourg - European role, Strasbourg - Miscellaneous, Strasbourg - Births, Strasbourg - Famous residents, Strasbourg - Twin towns

Read more here: » Strasbourg: Encyclopedia II - Strasbourg - History

1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday. 1953 - Events. January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. January 12 - Estonian emigres find a government in exile in Oslo January 13 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito chosen President of Yugoslavia January 15 - Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying January 20 - Change of US presidency from Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) ...

Including:

• 1953 - Events
• 1953 - February
• 1953 - March
• 1953 - April
• 1953 - May
• 1953 - June
• 1953 - July
• 1953 - August
• 1953 - September
• 1953 - October
• 1953 - November
• 1953 - December
• 1953 - Births
• 1953 - January
• 1953 - February
• 1953 - March
• 1953 - April
• 1953 - May
• 1953 - June
• 1953 - July
• 1953 - August
• 1953 - October
• 1953 - November
• 1953 - December
• 1953 - Deaths
• 1953 - January—April
• 1953 - May—August
• 1953 - September—December
• 1953 - Nobel Prizes

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Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Distinctives Calvin's Institutes Five Solas Five Points (TULIP) Regulative principle Confessions of faith Influences Theodore Beza Synod of Dort Puritan theology Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians Karl Barth Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Peoples Afrikaner CalvinistsIncluding:

• John Calvin - Biography
• John Calvin - Writings by Calvin
• John Calvin - The spreading of Calvinism
• John Calvin - Usury and Capitalism
• John Calvin - Reformed Geneva
• John Calvin - Trivia

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Tenzin Gyatso (Tibetan: བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ Wylie: Bstan 'dzin Rgya mtsho) (b. July 6, 1935) is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. The fifth of nine children of a farming family in the Tibetan province of Amdo, he was proclaimed the tulku (reincarnation) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama at the age of three. On November 17, 1950, at the age of fifteen, he was enthroned as Tibet's Head of State and most important political ruler, while Ti ...

Including:

• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Early life
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Life as Dalai Lama
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Foreign relations
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Social and political stances
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Tibetan independence movement
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Global political stances
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Global social stances
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Criticism
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - International influence
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Writings of the Dalai Lama
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Quotations
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Awards given to the Dalai Lama
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Nobel Peace Prize
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Films about the Dalai Lama
• Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama - Trivia

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The town of Colmar was founded in the 9th century. This was the place where Charles the Fat held a diet in 884. Colmar was granted the status of a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire in 1226. In the Thirty Years' War, the city was taken by the armies of Sweden in 1632, who held it for two years. The city was united with France in 1697. With the rest of Alsace, Colmar was ceded to Germany in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. It was only reuni ...

See also:

Colmar, Colmar - History, Colmar - Geography, Colmar - Culture, Colmar - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Colmar: Encyclopedia II - Colmar - History

Today, there are 46 member states, including nearly every European state. Upon foundation on May 5, 1949 there were ten members:  Belgium  Denmark  France  Republic of Ireland  Italy  Luxembourg  Netherlands  Norway  Sweden  United Kingdom Members with later admission dates (sorted by date of admission) :  Greece (9 August 1949)  Turkey (9 August 194 ...

See also:

Council of Europe, Council of Europe - Founding, Council of Europe - Aims, Council of Europe - Institutions, Council of Europe - Symbols, Council of Europe - Membership

Read more here: » Council of Europe: Encyclopedia II - Council of Europe - Membership

Alamannia was the territory inhabited by the Alamanni after their break through of the Roman Limes in 213. Originally a loose confederation of unrelated tribes, the Alamanni underwent coalescence or ethnogenesis during the 3rd century, and were ruled by independent "kings of the Alamanni" throughout the 4th and 5th centuries, until 496, when they were defeated by Clovis I at the battle of Tolbiac. Until 746, Alamannia was ruled by Alamannic dukes under Frankish sovereignty. In, 746 Carloman called all Alemannic nobles, numbering sever ...

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Épernay is a town and commune of northern France. Population (1999): 25,844. Épernay - Administration. Épernay is a sous-préfecture of the Marne département, and the chief town of the arrondissement of Épernay. Épernay - History. Épernay (Sparnacum) belonged to the archbishops of Reims from the 5th to the 10th century, at which period it came into the possession of the counts of Champagne. It suffered severely during the Hundred Years' War, and was b ...

Including:

• Épernay - Administration
• Épernay - History
• Épernay - Geography
• Épernay - Features
• Épernay - Economy
• Épernay - Tourism
• Épernay - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Épernay: Encyclopedia - Épernay

Albertus Magnus (1193? – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who became famous for his universal knowledge and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. He is considered to be the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages. He was the first medieval scholar to apply Aristotle's philosophy to Christian thought at the time. Catholicism honors him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 33 men and women with that honor ...

Including:

• Albertus Magnus - Biography
• Albertus Magnus - Writings
• Albertus Magnus - Albertus as scientist
• Albertus Magnus - Music
• Albertus Magnus - Quotes
• Albertus Magnus - See Also

Read more here: » Albertus Magnus: Encyclopedia - Albertus Magnus

Albert Schweitzer, OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965) was a German theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. He was born in Kaysersberg, Upper-Alsace, Germany (now Haut-Rhin département, France). He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. Albert Schweitzer - Theology. As a young theologian his first major work, by which he gained a great reputation, was The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906), in which he interpreted the life of Jesus in the light of Jesus' own eschato ...

Including:

• Albert Schweitzer - Theology
• Albert Schweitzer - Music
• Albert Schweitzer - Philosophy
• Albert Schweitzer - Stance on racial relations
• Albert Schweitzer - Medicine
• Albert Schweitzer - Later life
• Albert Schweitzer - Selected bibliography
• Albert Schweitzer - Timeline

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Alfred Hugenberg (June 19, 1865 - March 12, 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. Born as the son of Karl Hugenberg, a member of the Prussian parliament, he studied Law in Göttingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin, as well as Economics in Strasbourg. In 1900, Hugenberg married his second-degree cousin, Gertrud Adickens. After holding various positions in the administration, banking, and steel industry, from 1916 on, Hugenberg began building the later famous Hugenberg-Konzern, a conglomeration ...

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Alsace (French: Alsace; Alsatian/German: Elsass) is one of the 26 régions of France. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire and inhabited by people speaking a dialect of Upper German, Alsace gradually passed under French sovereignty in the course of the 17th century, and became one of the provinces of France. It is located on the eastern border of France, adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. Its capital and largest city is Strasbourg. Alsace - Geography. Alsace has an area of 8280 km ...

Including:

• Alsace - Geography
• Alsace - History
• Alsace - Politics
• Alsace - Economy
• Alsace - Demographics
• Alsace - Transport
• Alsace - The road network
• Alsace - The train network
• Alsace - The river network
• Alsace - Air traffic
• Alsace - Religion
• Alsace - Culture
• Alsace - Language
• Alsace - Cuisine
• Alsace - Architecture
• Alsace - Symbolism
• Alsace - Tourism
• Alsace - Administration
• Alsace - Notable Alsatians

Read more here: » Alsace: Encyclopedia - Alsace

André Weil (May 6, 1906 - August 6, 1998) was one of the great mathematicians of the 20th century. He is known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry. He was a founding member, and de facto the early leader, of the influential Bourbaki group. The philosopher Simone Weil was his sister. André Weil - Life. Born in Paris to Alsatian parents who fled the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, he studied in Paris, Rome and Göttingen and received his doctorate in 1928. He s ...

Including:

• André Weil - Life
• André Weil - Work
• André Weil - Books
• André Weil - External link
• André Weil - Bibliography

Read more here: » André Weil: Encyclopedia - André Weil

Beatrix of the Netherlands (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard van Oranje-Nassau) (born January 31, 1938), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, styled HM The Queen is the Queen of The Netherlands, having acceded to the throne in 1980. Beatrix of the Netherlands - Early Life. Beatrix is the daughter of the late Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and the late Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. When Beatrix was a young girl, the Dutch royal family fled the ...

Including:

• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Early Life
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Education
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Political Involvement and Marriage
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Queen of the Netherlands
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Personal Wealth
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Children
• Beatrix of the Netherlands - Titles and Prime Ministers

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André Marie Chénier (October 30, 1762 - July 25, 1794) was a French poet, associated with the events of the French Revolution. André Chénier - Life. He was born at Istanbul, in today's Turkey. His father, Louis Chénier, a native of Languedoc, after twenty years in the Levant as a cloth-merchant, was appointed to a position equivalent to that of French consul at Istanbul. His mother, Elisabeth Santi-Lomaca, whose sister was grandmother of Adolphe Thiers, was a Greek. When André was three years ...

Including:

• André Chénier - Life
• André Chénier - Works

Read more here: » André Chénier: Encyclopedia - André Chénier

Ambrosius Blarer (sometimes Ambrosius Blaurer), (April 4, 1492 – December 6, 1564) was an influential reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland. Ambrosius Blarer - Early Life. Ambrosius Blarer was born 1492 into an leading family of Constance. He studied theology in Tubingen where he met Philip Melanchthon with whom he kept a lifelong friendship. After getting his master‘s degree, he entered the Benedictine monastery in Alpirsbach . Through his correspondence with Philip M ...

Including:

• Ambrosius Blarer - Early Life
• Ambrosius Blarer - Reformation of Constance
• Ambrosius Blarer - Correspondence and Influence
• Ambrosius Blarer - Downfall
• Ambrosius Blarer - Sources

Read more here: » Ambrosius Blarer: Encyclopedia - Ambrosius Blarer

The Alsace-Moselle is the current legal name of the Alsace-Lorraine territory, the part of France that was part of Germany from 1871 to 1919 (and then from 1940 to 1944–1945), consisting of the départements of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin (both of which make up Alsace), and the département of Moselle (itself being the eastern part of Lorraine). While an integral part of France, it has for historical reasons different customs and laws on certain issues, notably those where France adopted a standard or principle in the period 1871� ...

Read more here: » Alsace-Moselle: Encyclopedia - Alsace-Moselle

The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were an alliance of warbands formed from Germanic tribes, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they fought Caracalla in 213. They apparently dwelt in the basin of the Main, to the south of the Chatti. Alamanni - Tribal connections. The Alamanni emerged from the Irminones. According to Asinius Quadratus their name —"all men"—indicates that they were a conglomeration of various tribes formed into warbands, similar to the contemporary Huns. Another source < ...

Including:

• Alamanni - Tribal connections
• Alamanni - Conflicts with the Roman Empire
• Alamanni - List of battles between Romans and Alamanni
• Alamanni - Alamanni and Franks
• Alamanni - List of Alamannic rulers
• Alamanni - Christianization
• Alamanni - Modern Alemanni

Read more here: » Alamanni: Encyclopedia - Alamanni

Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, al-Qā‘idah; "the foundation" or "the base") is the name given to an international Islamic fundamentalist campaign comprised of independent and collaborative cells that all profess the same cause of reducing outside influence upon Islamic affairs. Though al-Qaeda is philosophically heterogeneous, prominent members of the movement are considered to have Salafi beliefs. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commissi ...

Including:

• Al-Qaeda - Overview
• Al-Qaeda - History of al-Qaeda
• Al-Qaeda - Afghan jihad
• Al-Qaeda - Outreach from Afghanistan
• Al-Qaeda - Gulf War and start of US enmity
• Al-Qaeda - Sudan
• Al-Qaeda - Bosnia
• Al-Qaeda - Return to Afghanistan
• Al-Qaeda - Start of militant operations against civilians
• Al-Qaeda - September 11 attacks
• Al-Qaeda - Activity in Iraq
• Al-Qaeda - Incidents for which al-Qaeda is believed by some to be responsible
• Al-Qaeda - The chain of command
• Al-Qaeda - Political revolt or structured terrorist organization: unknown
• Al-Qaeda - Is al-Qaeda a global network or a small organization?
• Al-Qaeda - Internet activities
• Al-Qaeda - Notes on naming

Read more here: » Al-Qaeda: Encyclopedia - Al-Qaeda

Bernhard Rothmann, or Bernard Rothmann, (ca. 1495 - ca. 1535) was a 16th century Reformer and an Anabaptist leader in the city of Münster. He was born in Stadtlohn around 1495. Bernhard Rothmann - Overview. In the late 1520s Bernard Rothmann became the leader for religious reform in the city of Münster. In his sermons he condemned Catholic doctrines such as purgatory and the use of images, as well as the low morals of the priests. He suffered censure of the Catholic bishop in 1531, and afterwards denied t ...

Including:

• Bernhard Rothmann - Overview
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Theology
• Bernhard Rothmann - Baptism
• Bernhard Rothmann - Bible
• Bernhard Rothmann - Christology
• Bernhard Rothmann - Church
• Bernhard Rothmann - Polygamy
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Legacy
• Bernhard Rothmann - Rothmann's Writings
• Bernhard Rothmann - Reference
• Bernhard Rothmann - Footnotes

Read more here: » Bernhard Rothmann: Encyclopedia - Bernhard Rothmann