There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N ...

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Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

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There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - Types, Influenza - Genetics, Influenza - History, Influenza - Known epidemics and pandemics - overview, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - History

There were several serious outbreaks of influenza in the 20th century. The most famous (and the most lethal) was the so-called Spanish Flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 strain), which lasted from 1918 to 1919, and is believed to have killed more people in total than World War I. While the war casualties accumulated over several years, the pandemic took most of its toll over a period of weeks. Lesser flu epidemics included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N2 strain). Known epidemic ...

See also:

Influenza, Influenza - History, Influenza - Symptoms, Influenza - Flu season, Influenza - Prevention, Influenza - Treatment, Influenza - Variability, Influenza - Avian influenza, Influenza - How H5N1 kills, Influenza - Sources

Read more here: » Influenza: Encyclopedia II - Influenza - History

One prevailing theory hypothesizes that two primary mechanisms in genetics -- genetic drift and antigenic shift -- were involved in the creation of the virus strain found at Fort Riley in Kansas. The fort bred its own swine and poultry for local consumption. Like the avian flu in Asian countries, poultry in the United States characteristically contract a certain strain of influenza. Swine also characteristically contract a specific strain of influenza; however, the two strains (one infecting avian species, the other infecting swine) can usua ...

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Spanish flu, Spanish flu - Mutation theory, Spanish flu - Effects of new strain, Spanish flu - Social facts, Spanish flu - Notable victims, Spanish flu - Recent research, Spanish flu - Sources

Read more here: » Spanish flu: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Mutation theory

One prevailing theory hypothesizes that two primary mechanisms in genetics -- genetic drift and antigenic shift -- were involved in the creation of the virus strain found at Fort Riley in Kansas. The fort bred its own swine and poultry for local consumption. As is the case with the avian flu in Asian countries, poultry in the United States characteristically contract a certain strain of influenza. Swine also characteristically contract a specific strain of influenza; however, the two strains (one infecting avian species, the other infecting ...

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Spanish flu, Spanish flu - Mutation theory, Spanish flu - Effects of new strain, Spanish flu - Social facts, Spanish flu - Notable victims, Spanish flu - Recent research, Spanish flu - Sources

Read more here: » Spanish flu: Encyclopedia II - Spanish flu - Mutation theory

Cold work also serves to harden the material's surface. This makes cracks less likely to form at the surface and provides resistance to abrasion. When a metal undergoes strain hardening its yield strength increases but its ductility decreases. Strain hardening actually increases the number of dislocations in the crystal lattice of the material. When a material has a great number of dislocations, plastic deformation is hindered, and the material will continue to behave in an elastic way well beyond the elastic yield s ...

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Peening, Peening - Residual stress, Peening - Work hardening

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It is often difficult to precisely define yield due to the wide variety of stress-strain behaviours exhibited by real materials. In addition there are several possible ways to define yield: The point at which dislocations first begin to move. Since this occurs at very low stresses and is very difficult to measure this definition is rarely used outside specialist situations. The lowest stress at which permenent deformation can be measured. This requires a complex iterative procedure and is critically dependent on the acc ...

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Yield engineering, Yield engineering - Definition, Yield engineering - Yield Criterion, Yield engineering - Implications for structural engineering, Yield engineering - Typical values

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Poliomyelitis - Non-paralytic polio. Non-paralytic polio will result in fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, and irritability. Some muscle spasms in the neck and back, with muscles generally tender to the touch. Poliomyelitis - Spinal paralytic polio. This strain of the poliovirus attacks the spinal column where it destroys the anterior horn cells which control movement of the trunk and limb muscles. Although this strain of the poliovirus can lead to permanent paralysis, ...

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Poliomyelitis, Poliomyelitis - Infection, Poliomyelitis - Types of polio, Poliomyelitis - Non-paralytic polio, Poliomyelitis - Spinal paralytic polio, Poliomyelitis - Bulbar polio, Poliomyelitis - Polio and children, Poliomyelitis - History, Poliomyelitis - First effective vaccine, Poliomyelitis - Eradication efforts, Poliomyelitis - Social impact, Poliomyelitis - Scandals

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Bones are anisotropic but are approximately transversely isotropic. The stress-strain relations of bones can be modeled using Hooke's Law, in which they are related by linear constants known as the Young's modulus or the elastic modulus, and the shear modulus and poission ratio, collectively known as the Lamé constants. The constitutive matrix, a fourth order tensor, depends on the isotropy of the bone. σij = CijklSee also:

Biomechanics, Biomechanics - Applications, Biomechanics - Continuum Mechanics, Biomechanics - Biomechanics of Circulation, Biomechanics - Biomechanics of the bones, Biomechanics - Biomechanics of the Muscle, Biomechanics - Biomechanics of Soft Tissues, Biomechanics - Viscoelasticity, Biomechanics - Nonlinear Theories

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A medical autoclave is a device that uses steam to sterilise equipment and other objects. This means that all bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores are inactivated. However, in 2003 scientists discovered a single-cell organism, Strain 121, that survives autoclave temperatures. Prions also may not be destroyed by autoclaving. Autoclaves work by allowing steam to enter, and maintaining pressure at 103 kPa (15 lbf/in2). This causes the steam to reach 121 °C, and this is maintained for at least 15 minutes. The high pressure means autoclaves are constructed of s ...

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Autoclave, Autoclave - Introduction, Autoclave - Autoclaves in medicine, Autoclave - Autoclave quality assurance

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All Zerg units slowly heal over time, and all Zerg ground units (except for the Ultralisk and Broodling) have the ability to burrow once the evolution is researched. All Zerg units are morphed from larvae produced at the Hatchery, Lair, or Hive. Zerg - Land. Larva (Core Genus: Original Zerg Strain)— tiny unit spawned from a Hatchery, Lair, or Hive. Up to three are spawned over time. They carry the genetic makeup required for each Zerg unit (except for Broodlings and Infested Terran; s ...

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Zerg, Zerg - History, Zerg - Expansion, Zerg - The Determinant, Zerg - Plot advancement in StarCraft: Brood War, Zerg - Zerg Control, Zerg - Main gameplay attributes, Zerg - Units, Zerg - Land, Zerg - Air, Zerg - Buildings, Zerg - Basic buildings, Zerg - Advanced buildings, Zerg - Strategies, Zerg - Against Zerg, Zerg - Against Terrans, Zerg - Against Protoss, Zerg - Zerg Heroes

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Where the stress is high enough for plastic deformation to occur, the account in terms of stress is less useful and the strain in the material offers a simpler description. Low-cycle fatigue is usually characterised by the Coffin-Manson relation (popularised by L. F. Coffin in 1979 based on S. S. Manson's 1960 work): -where: Δεp /2 is the plastic strain amplitude; εf' is an empirical constant known as the fatigue ductility coefficient, the failure ...

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Fatigue material, Fatigue material - Characteristics of fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Timeline of fatigue history, Fatigue material - High-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - The S-N curve, Fatigue material - Probabilistic nature of fatigue, Fatigue material - Complex loadings, Fatigue material - Miner's rule, Fatigue material - Low-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - Fatigue and fracture mechanics, Fatigue material - Factors that affect fatigue-life, Fatigue material - Design against fatigue, Fatigue material - Famous fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Versailles accident, Fatigue material - De Havilland Comet, Fatigue material - Others

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Where the stress is high enough for plastic deformation to occur, the account in terms of stress is less useful and the strain in the material offers a simpler description. Low-cycle fatigue is usually characterised by the Coffin-Manson relation (popularised by L. F. Coffin in 1979 based on S. S. Manson's 1960 work): -where: Δεp /2 is the plastic strain amplitude; εf' is an empirical constant known as the fatigue ductility coefficient, the failure ...

See also:

Fatigue material, Fatigue material - Characteristics of fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Timeline of early fatigue history, Fatigue material - High-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - The S-N curve, Fatigue material - Probabilistic nature of fatigue, Fatigue material - Complex loadings, Fatigue material - Miner's rule, Fatigue material - Low-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - Fatigue and fracture mechanics, Fatigue material - Factors that affect fatigue-life, Fatigue material - Design against fatigue, Fatigue material - Famous fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Versailles accident, Fatigue material - De Havilland Comet, Fatigue material - Others

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In nineteenth-century California, not only ice, but even sources of naturally cold water, were probably unavailable to brewers. California brewers were forced to use lager yeast at higher ale temperatures. Final flavors of beer are influenced by the strain of yeast and the fermentation temperature. Lager yeast is best used at temperatures from 55°F down to 32 °F. Classic lagering of beers takes place over a period of time from weeks to many months at a temperature of 45°F. Lager yeasts are bottom fermenting, which is to say that they ferment the wort ...

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Steam beer, Steam beer - Brewing process, Steam beer - Steam beer in literature, Steam beer - California Common beer, Steam beer - Other kinds of steam beer

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The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for example, a steel wire. When a wire is pulled tight, it stretches (undergoes strain). Up to a certain limit, the amount it stretches is proportional to the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the wire, σ = F/A. Failure occurs when the load exceeds a critical value for the material, the tensile strength multiplied by the cross-sectional area ...

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Stress physics, Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies, Stress physics - Cauchy's principle, Stress physics - Plane stress, Stress physics - Principal stresses, Stress physics - Mohr's circle, Stress physics - Stress in three dimensions, Stress physics - Stress tensor, Stress physics - Generalized notation, Stress physics - Why is stress a symmetric tensor?, Stress physics - Stress measurement, Stress physics - Units, Stress physics - Residual stress, Stress physics - Books

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The working relationship between Thetford and Schucman was apparently often somewhat strained, yet throughout these difficulties they would always maintain a certain level of professional courtesy and respect for one another. The story is often retold that it was into this environment of inter-relational strain between Thetford and Schucman that the ACIM material was in a sense first “invited” into this world. This “invitation” came in the form of an exclamation by Thetford one day, in the midst of one of their periodic difficulties, ...

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William Thetford, William Thetford - Early childhood, William Thetford - University education, William Thetford - Career and hiring of Dr. Helen Schucman, William Thetford - Thetford's Invitation for ACIM, William Thetford - The years of ACIM transcription, William Thetford - Move to California, William Thetford - Anecdotal accounts of Thetford's California life, William Thetford - Related Links

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The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for example, a steel wire. When a wire is pulled tight, it stretches (undergoes strain). Up to a certain limit, the amount it stretches is proportional to the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the wire, σ = F/A. Failure occurs when the load exceeds a critical value for the material, the tensile strength multiplied by the cross-sectional area ...

See also:

Stress physics, Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies, Stress physics - Cauchy's principle, Stress physics - Plane stress, Stress physics - Principal stresses, Stress physics - Mohr's circle, Stress physics - Stress in three dimensions, Stress physics - Stress tensor, Stress physics - Generalized notation, Stress physics - Stress measurement, Stress physics - Units, Stress physics - Residual stress, Stress physics - Books

Read more here: » Stress physics: Encyclopedia II - Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies

Ultimate strength is an attribute directly related to a material, rather than just specific specimen of the material, and as such is quoted force per unit of cross section area (N / m2). For example, Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of mild steel is 470MegaN / m2. It is useful to remember that 1P< ...

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Strength of materials, Strength of materials - Definitions, Strength of materials - Stress terms, Strength of materials - Strength terms, Strength of materials - Strain - deformation terms, Strength of materials - Stress - strain relations, Strength of materials - Design terms, Strength of materials - Suggested reading

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The design of the Flower class was derived from that of a whale catcher, the Southern Pride of Smith's Dock Company of Middlesborough. Originally intended for coastal convoy protection, nevertheless they soon found themselves in the role of ocean escort. They were a stopgap measure to take the strain of convoy protection until large numbers of larger vessels — destroyers and frigates — could be produced. Their simple design using parts common to merchant shipping meant they could be constructed in small commerical shipyards all over the United Kingdom and east ...

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Flower-class corvette, Flower-class corvette - Design and construction, Flower-class corvette - Operation, Flower-class corvette - German Flowers, Flower-class corvette - After the war, Flower-class corvette - Literature, Flower-class corvette - Ships, Flower-class corvette - Flowers sunk by U-boats, Flower-class corvette - Submarines sunk destroyed or captured by Flowers

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The optical and mechanical properties of InGaAs can be varied by changing the ratio of In and Ga, InxGa1-xAs. The InGaAs device is normally grown on an Indium Phosphide (InP) substrate. In order to match the lattice constant of InP and avoid mechanical strain, In0.53Ga0.47As, this composition has a cut off wavelength of 1.68 μm. By increasing the ratio of In further compared to As it is possible to extend the cut off wavelength up to about 2.6 μm. In that case special measures have to be taken to avoid mechanical strai ...

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Indium gallium arsenide, Indium gallium arsenide - Properties, Indium gallium arsenide - Applications

Read more here: » Indium gallium arsenide: Encyclopedia II - Indium gallium arsenide - Properties

The full E-B beam equations are still too complicated for routine application, but they can easily be simplified further with additional assumptions about the loading and geometry. For example, for a rectangular cantilevered beam with a transverse tip load F, the equations reduce to occurring at the free tip (B), x = L occurring at the fixed root (A), x = 0 with Many books catalog simplified B-E equations for common structures. One of the best-kno ...

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Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - History, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Assumptions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Predictions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Definitions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Final equations, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Derivation, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Practical simplifications, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Extensions

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Kurdish culture is a rich Iranian strain of traditions that have developed through hundreds of years. The quest for social justice and equity is regarded as an important Kurdish cultural trait. Respect for the elderly and hospitality for the foreigners are also integral part of the Kurdish etiquette. The Kurdish new year (Newroz) is celebrated on March 21, which is the first day of the month of Xakelêwe and coincidentally the first day of spring. Newroz has been nominated as one of the "Masterpieces of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by the United Nations Educational, Scientifi ...

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Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan - Name, Iraqi Kurdistan - History, Iraqi Kurdistan - Politics, Iraqi Kurdistan - Economy, Iraqi Kurdistan - Geography, Iraqi Kurdistan - Governorates, Iraqi Kurdistan - Military, Iraqi Kurdistan - Culture, Iraqi Kurdistan - Music, Iraqi Kurdistan - Timeline of the Kurdish uprising

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