steroid hormone

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. It is formed in the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, as the cells of other sections don't have the corresponding enzyme. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. It helps regulate the body's electrolyte balance by acting on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). It diminishes the excretion of sodium (Na+) ions and therefore, water and stimulates th ...

Including:

• Aldosterone - Aldosterone and the kidney
• Aldosterone - Control of aldosterone release

Read more here: » Aldosterone: Encyclopedia - Aldosterone

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from defects in steps of the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Most of these diseases involve excessive or defective production of sex steroids and can pervert or impair development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Only a small minority of people with CAH can be said to have an intersex condition, but this attracted American public attention in the late 1990s and ...

Including:

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Overview of the multiple types of CAH
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Genetics
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Biochemistry
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - History

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Cortisol is an adrenal steroid hormone necessary for life; production begins in the second month of fetal life. Inefficient cortisol production results in rising levels of ACTH, which in turn induces overgrowth (hyperplasia) and overactivity of the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex. The defects causing adrenal hyperplasia are congenital (i.e., present at birth). Cortisol deficiency in CAH is usually partial, and not the most serious problem for an affected person. Synthesis of cortisol shares steps with synth ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Overview of the multiple types of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Genetics, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Biochemistry, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - History

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Overview of the multiple types of CAH

The physics of the circulatory system, as of any fluid system, are very complex. That said, there are many physical factors that influence blood pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs, etc. Some physical factors are: Rate of pumping. In the circulatory system, this rate is called heart rate, the rate at which blood (the fluid) is pumped by the heart. The higher the heart rate, the higher (potentially, assuming no change in stroke volume) the blood ...

See also:

Blood pressure, Blood pressure - Measurement, Blood pressure - Physiology, Blood pressure - Regulation of blood pressure, Blood pressure - Pathophysiology, Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure, Blood pressure - Effects of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure, Blood pressure - Other causes of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Venous pressure

Read more here: » Blood pressure: Encyclopedia II - Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure

LTP is often divided into two phases, an early, protein synthesis-independent phase (E-LTP) that lasts between one and five hours, and a late, protein synthesis-dependent phase (L-LTP) that lasts from days to months[8]. Broadly, E-LTP produces a potentiation of a few hours duration. It does so by making the postsynaptic side of the synapse more sensitive to glutamate by adding a ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP

LTP is often divided into two phases, an early, protein synthesis-independent phase (E-LTP) that lasts between one and five hours, and a late, protein synthesis-dependent phase (L-LTP) that lasts from days to months[7]. Broadly, E-LTP produces a potentiation of a few hours duration. It does so by making the postsynaptic side of the synapse more sensitive to glutamate by adding a ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP

The mere fact that cultured synapses can undergo long-term potentiation when stimulated by electrodes says little about LTP's relation to memory. Several studies have provided some insight as to whether LTP is a requirement for memory. Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade. Richard Morris provided some of the first evidence that LTP was indeed required for the formation of memories [38]. He tested the spatial memory of two groups of rats, one whose hippocampi were bathed in the NMDA receptor blocker APV, ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory

Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning. By about 1900, neurobiologists had good reason to believe that memories were generally not the product of new nerve cell growth. Scientists generally believed that the number of neurons in the adult brain (roughly 1011) did not increase significantly with age. With this realization came the need to explain how memori ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - History

The gene expression and protein synthesis that mediate the long-term changes of LTP generally take place in the cell body, but LTP is synapse-specific; LTP induced at one synapse does not propagate to adjacent inactive synapses. Therefore, the cell is posed with the difficult problem of synthesizing plasticity-related proteins in the nucleus and cell body, but ensuring they only reach synapses that have received LTP-inducing stimuli. The synthesis of a "synaptic tag" at a given synapse after LTP-inducing stimuli may serve to capture p ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging

Retrograde signalling is a theoretical concept that arises from the question: "If LTP is induced postsynaptically, but expressed presynaptically, how does the presynaptic terminal "know" that LTP has been induced?" The obvious answer is that there must be some communication "backwards" across the synapse, that is, in the retrograde direction from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic side. This concept led to a flurry of work in the early 1990's to demonstrate the existence of a retrograde messenger and also to identify such a messenger. A num ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling

NMDA receptor-dependent LTP classically exhibits four main properties: rapid induction, cooperativity, associativity, and input specificity. Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction. LTP can be rapidly induced by applying one or more brief tetanic stimuli to a presynaptic cell. (A tetanic stimulus is a high-frequency sequence of individual stimulation.) < ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP

Since its original discovery in the rabbit hippocampus, LTP has been observed in a variety of other neural structures, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, and many others. The underlying mechanisms of LTP are generally conserved across these different regions, but there are subtle differences in LTP's precise molecular machinery between sites. Very broadly, there are two types of LTP, associative and nonassociative. The mechanisms of the two types may or may not be the same. See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP

Blood pressure-!!(BP) is most accurately measured invasively by placing a cannula into a blood vessel and connecting it to an electronic pressure transducer. This invasive technique is regularly employed in intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes, but it is associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, and bleeding. Therefore, the less accurate techniques of manual or oscillometric me ...

See also:

Blood pressure, Blood pressure - Measurement, Blood pressure - Physiology, Blood pressure - Regulation of blood pressure, Blood pressure - Pathophysiology, Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure, Blood pressure - Effects of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure, Blood pressure - Other causes of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Venous pressure

Read more here: » Blood pressure: Encyclopedia II - Blood pressure - Measurement

Since its original discovery in the rabbit hippocampus, LTP has been observed in a variety of other neural structures, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, and many others. The underlying mechanisms of LTP are generally conserved across these different regions, but there are subtle differences in LTP's precise molecular machinery between sites. Very broadly, there are two types of LTP, associative and nonassociative. See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP

Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning. By the turn of the 19th century, neurobiologists had good reason to believe that memories were generally not the product of new nerve cell growth. Scientists generally believed that the number of neurons in the adult brain (roughly 1011) did not increase significantly with age. With this realization came the need to explain how memori ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - History

An Italian anatomist, Luigi De Crecchio provided the earliest known description of a case of probable CAH. I propose in this narrative that it is sometimes extremely difficult and even impossible to determine sex during life. In one of the anatomical theaters of the hospital..., there arrived toward the end of January a cadaver which in life was the body of a certain Joseph Marzo... The general physiognomy was decidedly male in all respects. There were no feminine curves to the body. There was a heavy beard. There was some delicacy of str ...

See also:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Overview of the multiple types of CAH, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Genetics, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Biochemistry, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - History

Read more here: » Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Encyclopedia II - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - History

Retrograde signalling is a theoretical concept that arises from the question: "If LTP is induced postsynaptically, but expressed presynaptically, how does the presynaptic terminal "know" that LTP has been induced?" The obvious answer is that there must be some communication "backwards" across the synapse, that is, in the retrograde direction from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic side. This concept led to a flurry of work in the early 1990's to demonstrate the existence of a retrograde messenger and also to identify such a messenger. A num ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling

The gene expression and protein synthesis that mediate the long-term changes of LTP generally take place in the cell body, but LTP is synapse-specific; LTP induced at one synapse does not propagate to adjacent inactive synapses. Therefore, the cell is posed with the difficult problem of synthesizing plasticity-related products in the nucleus and cell body, but ensuring they only reach synapses that have received LTP-inducing stimuli. The synthesis of a "synaptic tag" at a given synapse after LTP-inducing stimuli may serve to capture p ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging

The mean blood pressure in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the heart pumping blood from the veins back into the arteries. The mean blood pressure value is determined by the volume of blood the heart is pumping per minute, termed cardiac output, versus the resistance of the 20,000 to 30,000 arterioles, termed total peripheral resistance, through which the blood must flow to reach the capillaries and then veins. The up and down fluctuation of the arterial blood pressure results from the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output. The pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of the stroke volume versus the ...

See also:

Blood pressure, Blood pressure - Measurement, Blood pressure - Physiology, Blood pressure - Regulation of blood pressure, Blood pressure - Pathophysiology, Blood pressure - Effects of high blood pressure, Blood pressure - Effects of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Factors influencing blood pressure, Blood pressure - Other causes of low blood pressure, Blood pressure - Venous pressure

Read more here: » Blood pressure: Encyclopedia II - Blood pressure - Physiology

The mere fact that cultured synapses can undergo long-term potentiation when stimulated by electrodes says little about LTP's relation to memory. Several studies have provided some insight as to whether LTP is a requirement for memory. Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade. Richard Morris provided some of the first evidence that LTP was indeed required for the formation of memories [37]. He tested the spatial memory of two groups of rats, one whose hippocampi were bathed in the NMDA receptor blocker APV, ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

Read more here: » Long-term potentiation: Encyclopedia II - Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory