statesmanship

Alexander Henderson (1583? – August 19, 1646) was a Scottish theologian. He was born at Criech, Fife, graduated at the University of St Andrews in 1603, and in 1610 was appointed professor of rhetoric and philosophy and questor of the faculty of arts. Shortly after this he was presented to the living of Leuchars. As Henderson was located upon his parish by Archbishop George Gladstanes, and was known to sympathize with episcopacy, his settlement was at first extremely unpopular; but he subsequently changed his views and became ...

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The Right Honourable Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (June 12, 1897– January 14, 1977), British politician, was Foreign Secretary during World War II and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1950s. He is remembered mainly for his role in the disastrous Suez Crisis of 1956. In a 2004 poll [1] of 139 political science academics organised by MORI, Eden was voted the least successful British Prime Minister of the 20th Century. This echoed the outcome of an earlier survey by BBC Radio's The Westminster Hou ...

Including:

• Anthony Eden - Early career
• Anthony Eden - Foreign Secretary
• Anthony Eden - Prime Minister
• Anthony Eden - The Eden Government
• Anthony Eden - The Grey-Eden connection

Read more here: » Anthony Eden: Encyclopedia - Anthony Eden

Scholars now agree that the word "decline" more accurately renders Spengler's intended meaning, as opposed to the original German word "Untergang." Spengler would explain that he did not mean to describe a catastrophic occurrence, but rather a protracted fall—a twilight or sunset. "Untergang" can be interpreted in both manners, and after the Second World War, most critics and scholars chose to read it in the cataclysmic sense. Spengler’s world-historical outlook is informed by two philosophers, Goethe and Nietzsche, the former mor ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - Overview

Eden was born in Durham, where his family had been local landowners for many generations. His mother, Sybil Grey, was a member of the famous Grey family of Northumberland (see below). He studied at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in oriental languages. (He was fluent in French, German and Persian. He also spoke Russian and Arabic). Following a military career during the First World War, during which he received a Military Cross, Eden entered politics in 1923 when he was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamingt ...

See also:

Anthony Eden, Anthony Eden - Early career, Anthony Eden - Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden - Prime Minister, Anthony Eden - The Eden Government, Anthony Eden - The Grey-Eden connection

Read more here: » Anthony Eden: Encyclopedia II - Anthony Eden - Early career

The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient world of historical and outmoded artifacts rests on a sense that the modern world is primarily the product of relatively recent and revolutionary change. Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture -- appear to have transformed an "Old World" into the 'Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern. < ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Characteristics

The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient world of historical and outmoded artifacts rests on a sense that the modern world is primarily the product of relatively recent and revolutionary change. Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture -- appear to have transformed an "Old World" into the 'Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern. < ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

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Spengler is neither wholly pro-religion nor anti-religion, but he does differentiate between manifestations of religion that appear within a civilization’s developmental cycle. He sees each culture as having an initial religious identity, which eventually results in a reformation-like period, followed by a period of rationalism, and finally entering a period of second religiousness that correlates with decline. Intellectual creativeness of a Culture's Late period begins after th ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - Religion's role

Spengler’s view of the state is typical for a pre-WWI German conservative. He is anti-liberal, anti-democratic, and pro-authoritarian. He sees a leader’s responsibility as only to a minority that possesses the proper breeding for statesmanship, and which represents the rest of the nation in its historical struggle. Most states, he argues, have only a single social stratum which, constitutionally or otherwise, provides the political leading. That class represents the world-historical drive of a State, and within that stratum a ski ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

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Spengler asserts that democracy is simply the political weapon of money, and the media is the means through which money operates a democratic political system. The thorough penetration of money's power throughout a society is yet another marker of the shift from Culture to Civilization. Democracy and plutocracy are equivalent in Spengler's argument. The "tragic comedy of the world-improvers and freedom-teachers" is that they are simply assisting money to be more effective. The principles of equality, natural rights, universal suffrage ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money

Spengler borrows frequently from mathematical philosophy. He holds that the mathematics and art of a civilization reveal its world-view. He notes that in Greek classical mathematics that there are only integers and no real concepts of limits or infinity. Therefore, without a concept of the infinite, all events of the distant past were viewed as equally distant, thus Alexander the Great had no problem declaring himself a descendant of a god. On the other hand, the western world—which has concepts of the zero, the infinite, and the limit—has a historical world-view which places a ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - Mathematics

The phrase "Worldwide" has tremendous emotional appeal, and is used in various countries not only by persons from professional historians to self-taught curmudgeons but by political groups which want to impose their view of reality upon their countrymen and even the whole world. The easiest way to do this is to establish a benchmark year and leave the particulars to specialists. Britain: The Glorious Revolution of 1688 established a king selected by parliament, ending the troubles in that country in the seventeenth century. This was p ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, the monarchical government system, and the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics. These new ideas were derived from the writings of such people as: (Note: The list below is not comprehensive by any means. To name all the thinkers and personalities who helped shape the modern age would be a voluminous undertaking. This selection is meant as a profile of the way major thinkers contributed to the creation of the world as we know it today. They are ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Famous people

The beginning of this period is marked by the end of the European Renaissance. Its exact definition depends on the specific usage — for example a historian might be referring to the period 1650-, whilst a musician might be referring to music postdating the romantic era which would date the beginning of modernity to around 1900. The modern age may be defined to extend to the present day or else to conclude postmodernism (which may be dated any time from the 1960s to the early 1980s), again depending on the usage. In the case where mo ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Beginning and ending

Spengler attempts to tie race and Culture together, echoing ideas similar to those of Friedrich Ratzel and Rudolf Kjellén. These ideas, which were prevalent throughout German culture at the time, were likely the most significant elements for the National Socialists who would later claim Spengler as an intellectual forebear (despite Spengler's disdain for the Nazis—see: Spengler's The Hour of Decision). Spengler also discusses the national unity of a Culture, a concept to be differentiated from a nation's population. Historic ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - Race and Culture

Spengler distinguishes between ahistorical peoples and peoples caught up in world-history. While he recognizes that all people are a part of history, he argues that only certain cultures imbue a wider sense of historical involvement. Thus some people see themselves as part of a grand historical design or tradition, while others view themselves in a self-contained manner. For the latter, there is no world-historical consciousness. For Spengler, a world-historical view points toward the meaning of history itself, by breaking the histori ...

See also:

The Decline of the West, The Decline of the West - Background, The Decline of the West - Impact, The Decline of the West - Overview, The Decline of the West - Spengler's Cultures, The Decline of the West - Phases of rise and decline, The Decline of the West - The meaning of History, The Decline of the West - Culture and Civilization, The Decline of the West - Pseudomorphosis, The Decline of the West - Race and Culture, The Decline of the West - Religion's role, The Decline of the West - The State and Caesarism, The Decline of the West - Democracy media and money, The Decline of the West - Mathematics, The Decline of the West - Criticisms

Read more here: » The Decline of the West: Encyclopedia II - The Decline of the West - The meaning of History

The beginning of this period is marked by the end of the European Renaissance. Its exact definition depends on the specific usage — for example a historian might be referring to the period 1650-, whilst a musician might be referring to music postdating the romantic era which would date the beginning of modernity to around 1900. The modern age may be defined to extend to the present day or else to conclude postmodernism (which may be dated any time from the 1960s to the early 1980s), again depending on the usage. In the case where mo ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Beginning and ending

In April 1955 Churchill finally retired, and Sir Anthony succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and also his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a general election, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. But Sir Anthony had never held a domestic portfolio and had little experience in economic matters. He left these areas to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower. His famous words "Peace comes first, alway ...

See also:

Anthony Eden, Anthony Eden - Early career, Anthony Eden - Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden - Prime Minister, Anthony Eden - The Eden Government, Anthony Eden - The Grey-Eden connection

Read more here: » Anthony Eden: Encyclopedia II - Anthony Eden - Prime Minister

Eden became Foreign Secretary at a time when Britain was having to adjust its foreign policy to face the rise of the fascist powers. He supported the policy of non-interference in the Spanish Civil War, and supported Neville Chamberlain in his efforts to preserve peace through reasonable concessions to Germany. He did not protest when Britain and France failed to oppose Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland in 1936. But in February 1938, he resigned because he could not accept Chamberlain's opening of negotiations with Italy. This made him ...

See also:

Anthony Eden, Anthony Eden - Early career, Anthony Eden - Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden - Prime Minister, Anthony Eden - The Eden Government, Anthony Eden - The Grey-Eden connection

Read more here: » Anthony Eden: Encyclopedia II - Anthony Eden - Foreign Secretary

Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, the monarchical government system, and the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics. These new ideas were derived from the writings of such people as: (Note: The list below is not comprehensive by any means. To name all the thinkers and personalities who helped shape the modern age would be a voluminous undertaking. This selection is meant as a profile of the way major thinkers contributed to the creation of the world as we know it today. They are ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Famous people

The phrase "Worldwide" has tremendous emotional appeal, and is used in various countries not only by persons from professional historians to self-taught curmudgeons but by political groups which want to impose their view of reality upon their countrymen and even the whole world. The easiest way to do this is to establish a benchmark year and leave the particulars to specialists. Britain: The Glorious Revolution of 1689 established a king selected by parliament, ending the troubles in that country in the seventeenth century. This was p ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

Read more here: » Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide