Fatalism is the view that human deliberation and actions are pointless and ineffectual in determining events, because whatever will be will be. One ancient argument, called the idle argument, went like this: If it is fated for you to recover from your illness, then you will recover whether you call a doctor or not. Likewise, if you are fated not to recover, you will not do so even if you call a doctor. S ...

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• Fatalism - External link

Read more here: » Fatalism: Encyclopedia - Fatalism

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Epiphenomenalism, Epiphenomenalism - Explanation, Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

Read more here: » Epiphenomenalism: Encyclopedia II - Epiphenomenalism - Explanation

I. The most common criticism of epiphenomenalism is that it feels like the mind has influence. For example it is possible to imagine the most bizarre body gesture with your mind and then to do it. II. One particularly potent problem is that it seems that if Epiphenomenalism is true then it seems as if there can be no real discussion of the epiphenomena. For example, Pierre's verbal expression of satisfaction from eating a candy bar is not a matter of knowledge since the verbal expression is not caused directly by the mental sen ...

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Epiphenomenalism, Epiphenomenalism - Explanation, Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

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Carneades (c. 214-129 B.C.) Born in Cyrene, North Africa. Carneades was a radical sceptic and the first of the philosophers to pronounce the failure of metaphysicians who endeavored to discover rational meanings in religious beliefs. By the time of 159 B.C. he had started to refute all previous dogmatic doctrines, especially Stoicism, and even the Epicureans whom previous sceptics had spared. Carneades - External link. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry ...

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• Carneades - External link

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Sir Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument is aimed at showing that there is a meaningful difference between what he calls 'true motion' and 'relative motion'. Motion under the influence of a force is true motion, motion without the presence of a force is relative motion. (This article is based on a translation of Newton's writing from Latin to 17th century English (by A. Motte), and a later translation of this text to modern English (by F. Cajori). It is possible that the particular understanding of the translators has introduc ...

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Imagine both Pierre and a robot automaton eating a candy bar. Unlike the robot, Pierre is conscious of eating the candy bar while the behavior is under way. This subjective experience is often called a quale (plural qualia), and it describes the private "raw feel" or the subjective "what-it-is-like" that is the inner accompaniment of any observable behavior. Pierre and the robot can both be doing the same thing, but on ...

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Epiphenomenalism, Epiphenomenalism - Explanation, Epiphenomenalism - Background, Epiphenomenalism - Responses from deniers of mind, Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

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The philosophical behaviorists (as opposed to scientific behaviourists) would reject epiphenomenalism on the grounds that it is, in Gilbert Ryle's phrase, a "category mistake." Just as there is no Cartesian "ghost in the machine", there are no ghostly events that accompany behavior in an inner theater. Consciousness belongs not to the category of objects of reference, but rather to the category of ways of doing things. To be attentive is to do things with focus and care, not for something to be happe ...

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Epiphenomenalism, Epiphenomenalism - Explanation, Epiphenomenalism - Background, Epiphenomenalism - Responses from deniers of mind, Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

Read more here: » Epiphenomenalism: Encyclopedia II - Epiphenomenalism - Responses from deniers of mind

I. The most common criticism of epiphenomenalism is that it feels like the mind has influence. For example it is possible to imagine the most bizarre body gesture with your mind and then to do it. William James urged something like this criticism against epiphenomenalism, which he named "Automatism." However inadequate our ideas of causal efficacy may be, we are less wide of the mark when we say that our ideas and feelings have it, than the Automatists are when they say they haven't it. As in the night all cats are gray, so in ...

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Epiphenomenalism, Epiphenomenalism - Explanation, Epiphenomenalism - Background, Epiphenomenalism - Responses from deniers of mind, Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

Read more here: » Epiphenomenalism: Encyclopedia II - Epiphenomenalism - Criticism

Secession - American Revolution. A proposed example of successful secession in the modern era is American Revolution by which the Thirteen Colonies separated from the British Crown. Some argue that this was a secession movement as opposed to a revolution. Revolutions seek to replace current governments or to seek independence from colonial rule, while secession movements seek to separate from current governments in which the party seeking separation already has a voice.

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Secession, Secession - Political secessions, Secession - American Revolution, Secession - Confederate States of America, Secession - Local examples in the United States, Secession - Canada, Secession - Australia, Secession - United Kingdom, Secession - World of art

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Mysticism, from the Greek μυω (muo, "to conceal"), is the pursuit of achieving communion with or conscious awareness of ultimate reality, the divine, spiritual truth, or God through direct, personal experience (intuition or insight) rather than rational thought; the belief in the existence of realities beyond perceptual or intellectual apprehension that are central to being and directly accessible through personal experience; or the belief that such experience is a genuine and important source of knowledge. In the Hellenistic world, ...

Including:

• Mysticism - Types of mystical experience
• Mysticism - Mysticism and epistemology
• Mysticism - Subjectivity and mysticism
• Mysticism - Self-transcending self-discovery
• Mysticism - Mysticism and syncretism
• Mysticism - On the difficulty of defining mysticism
• Mysticism - Theosophy and Occultism
• Mysticism - Examples in major traditions
• Mysticism - Hindu mystics
• Mysticism - Chinese mystics
• Mysticism - Christian mystics
• Mysticism - Islamic mystics
• Mysticism - Jewish mystics
• Mysticism - Other mystics

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Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow ...

Including:

• Logic - Nature of logic
• Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic
• Logic - Rival conceptions of logic
• Logic - History of logic
• Logic - Relation to other sciences
• Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning
• Logic - Topics in logic
• Logic - Syllogistic logic
• Logic - Predicate logic
• Logic - Modal logic
• Logic - Deduction and reasoning
• Logic - Mathematical logic
• Logic - Philosophical logic
• Logic - Logic and computation
• Logic - Controversies in logic
• Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle
• Logic - Implication: strict or material?
• Logic - Tolerating the impossible
• Logic - Is logic empirical?

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In Christian theology, several belief systems that hold, for various reasons, that reason is irrelevant to religious faith have been labelled as fideism. The word is also occasionally used to refer to the Protestant belief that Christians are saved by faith alone: for which see sola fide. This position is sometimes called solifidianism. Fideism - The logic of fideism. Alvin Plantinga defines "fideism" as "the exclusive or basic reliance upon faith alone, accompanied by a consequent disp ...

Including:

• Fideism - The logic of fideism
• Fideism - Fideism in Christianity
• Fideism - Tertullian and fideism
• Fideism - Blaise Pascal and fideism
• Fideism - Kierkegaard and fideism
• Fideism - Fideism and presuppositional apologetics
• Fideism - Theologies opposed to fideism
• Fideism - Fideism rejected by the Roman Catholic Church
• Fideism - The Christological argument in Protestantism
• Fideism - Fideism in Islam
• Fideism - External link

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Charles Hartshorne (June 5, 1897 – October 9, 2000) was a prominent philosopher who concentrated primarily on the philosophy of religion and metaphysics. He developed the neoclassical idea of God and produced a modal proof of the existence of God that was a development of St. Anselm's Ontological Argument. Hartshorne is also noted for developing Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy into process theology. Charles Hartshorne - External link. Charles Hartshorne by Dan Dombrowski, from th ...

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• Charles Hartshorne - External link

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Dignity in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or of esteem. To esteem persons or things means to assign to them a high value. Esteem for persons or things assesses their value as high. (Note, of course, that not all expressions of respect confer dignity. One can respect and/or esteem the skills of (say) criminals while despising those same criminals, disrespecting their persons and affording them no dignity at all...) Respect can refer to th ...

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• Dignity - Related usages
• Dignity - Resources

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In the philosophy of mathematics, constructivism asserts that it is necessary to find (or "construct") a mathematical object to prove that it exists. When one assumes that an object does not exist and derives a contradiction from that assumption, one still has not found the object and therefore not proved its existence, according to constructivists. See constructive proof. Constructivism is often confused with intuitionism, but in fact, intuitionism is only one kind of constructivism. Intuitionism maintains that the foundations ...

Including:

• Constructivism mathematics - Constructivist mathematics
• Constructivism mathematics - Example from real analysis
• Constructivism mathematics - Cardinality
• Constructivism mathematics - Attitude of mathematicians
• Constructivism mathematics - Mathematicians who have contributed to constructivism
• Constructivism mathematics - Branches

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Because of its fundamental role in philosophy, the nature of logic has been the object of intense disputation; and it is not possible to give a clear delineation of the bounds of logic in terms acceptable to all rival viewpoints. Nonetheless, the study of logic has, despite this controversy, been very coherent and technically grounded. Here we characterise logic, first by introducing the fundamental ideas about form and then by outlining some of the different schools of thought as well as giving a brief overview of its history, an account of its relationship to other sciences, and--finally--an expositi ...

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Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

Read more here: » Logic: Encyclopedia II - Logic - Nature of logic

The roots of the concept of open access can be found in the distant past, from the very beginnings of publishing, re-emerging with every innovation in publishing technology. The printing press allowed the written word to be printed and distributed, thereby extending literacy to the population at large. Moving from vellum to paper made it possible to print more cheaply. The invention of the postal system provided a means of widespread distribution. The beginnings of the scholarly journal were a way of expanding low-cost access to scholarly fi ...

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Open access, Open access - Authors and researchers, Open access - Users, Open access - Research funders and universities, Open access - Public and advocacy, Open access - Libraries and librarians, Open access - Publishers and publishing, Open access - History, Open access - Open access projects, Open access - Open access publishers, Open access - Open access encyclopedias, Open access - Directories and lists, Open access - Open access research tools, Open access - Tracking open access developments, Open access - Other open access resources

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Enacted by Bishop Stephen Tempier in December 1270. Listed thirteen propositions as heretical and any one who practiced or taught them would be faced with the punishment of the Inquisition. The banned propositions were related to Averroes' theory of the soul and the doctrine of monopsychism. Other propositions banned included Aristotle's theory of God as a passive Unmoved Mover. Conservative forces in the Church attempted to use the Condemnation for political purposes to stop, or at least control and contain, supposed threats to questions of theology posed by Aristotelian reason. In parti ...

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Condemnations University of Paris, Condemnations University of Paris - Condemnation of 1270, Condemnations University of Paris - Condemnation of 1277, Condemnations University of Paris - External link

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Because of its fundamental role in philosophy, the nature of logic has been the object of intense dispute: it is not possible clearly to delineate the bounds of logic in terms acceptable to all rival viewpoints. Despite that controversy, the study of logic has been very coherent and technically grounded. In this article, we first characterise logic by introducing fundamental ideas about form, then by outlining some schools of thought, as well as by giving a brief overview of logic's history, an account of its relationship to other sciences, and finally, an exposition of some of logic's essential concepts. Logic - I ...

See also:

Logic, Logic - Nature of logic, Logic - Informal formal and symbolic logic, Logic - Rival conceptions of logic, Logic - History of logic, Logic - Relation to other sciences, Logic - Deductive and inductive reasoning, Logic - Topics in logic, Logic - Syllogistic logic, Logic - Predicate logic, Logic - Modal logic, Logic - Deduction and reasoning, Logic - Mathematical logic, Logic - Philosophical logic, Logic - Logic and computation, Logic - Controversies in logic, Logic - Bivalence and the law of the excluded middle, Logic - Implication: strict or material?, Logic - Tolerating the impossible, Logic - Is logic empirical?

Read more here: » Logic: Encyclopedia II - Logic - Nature of logic

This sort of fideism has a long history in Christianity. It can plausibly be argued as an interpretation of 1 Corinthians, wherein Paul says: For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe . . . For the foolishness of God is wiser than (the wisdom of) men (1 Cor. 1:21, 25) Paul's contrast of the folly of the Gospel with earthly wisdom may relate to a statement made Jesus himself, recorded in Luke 10:21:

See also:

Fideism, Fideism - The logic of fideism, Fideism - Fideism in Christianity, Fideism - Tertullian and fideism, Fideism - Blaise Pascal and fideism, Fideism - Kierkegaard and fideism, Fideism - Fideism and presuppositional apologetics, Fideism - Theologies opposed to fideism, Fideism - Fideism rejected by the Roman Catholic Church, Fideism - The Christological argument in Protestantism, Fideism - Fideism in Islam, Fideism - External link

Read more here: » Fideism: Encyclopedia II - Fideism - Fideism in Christianity