Stalinist

Koestler was born as Artur Kösztler (or more accurately, Kösztler Artur, since Hungarians often put the surname first) in Budapest, Hungary to a German-speaking Hungarian family of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. His father, Henrik, was an industrialist and inventor whose investments and business ideas often revealed a flawed judgement; for example, he invested in a kind of radioactive soap. At the age of fourteen, his family m ...

See also:

Arthur Koestler, Arthur Koestler - Life, Arthur Koestler - Multilingualism, Arthur Koestler - Women, Arthur Koestler - Mixed legacy, Arthur Koestler - Politics, Arthur Koestler - Journalism, Arthur Koestler - Science, Arthur Koestler - Judaism, Arthur Koestler - Cultural influence, Arthur Koestler - Bibliography, Arthur Koestler - Autobiography, Arthur Koestler - Biographies, Arthur Koestler - Books by Koestler excluding autobiography, Arthur Koestler - Writings as a contributor

Read more here: » Arthur Koestler: Encyclopedia II - Arthur Koestler - Life

Communism is a social system that abolishes private property, social classes, and the state itself. As such, a "communist state" would be an oxymoron. No country or government ever called itself a "Communist state"; however, various states gave the Communist Party a special status in their constitution and laws[1], while claiming to be heading in the direction of communism. The term "Communist state" has been coined and used in the West to refer to s ...

See also:

Criticisms of communism, Criticisms of communism - 20th century Communist states, Criticisms of communism - General critique of Communist states, Criticisms of communism - Communist and Left critique of Communist states, Criticisms of communism - Marxist theory, Criticisms of communism - Historical materialism, Criticisms of communism - Labor theory of value, Criticisms of communism - Relevance of the Communist states for Marxist theory, Criticisms of communism - Other views of Marx and Marxists, Criticisms of communism - References and bibliography, Criticisms of communism - References, Criticisms of communism - Bibliography

Read more here: » Criticisms of communism: Encyclopedia II - Criticisms of communism - 20th century Communist states

Sihanouk's nonaligned foreign policy, which emerged in the months following the Geneva Conference, cannot be understood without reference to Cambodia's past history of foreign subjugation and its very uncertain prospects for survival as the war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam intensified. Soon after the 1954 Geneva Conference, Sihanouk expressed some interest in integrating Cambodia into the framework of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which included Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam within the "treaty area," although ...

See also:

Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - First administration of Sihanouk 1954-1970, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - The Geneva Conference, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - Domestic Developments, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - Nonaligned Foreign Policy, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - The Cambodian Left: The Early Phases, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - The Paris Student Group, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - The KPRP Second Congress, Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - Reference

Read more here: » Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970: Encyclopedia II - Cambodia under Sihanouk 1954-1970 - Nonaligned Foreign Policy

According to Marxists (most notably Friedrich Engels), socialist models and ideas are said to be traceable to the dawn of human social history, being an inherent feature of human nature and early human social models. During the Enlightenment in the 18th century, revolutionary thinkers and writers such as the Marquis de Condorcet, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, abbé de Mably, and Morelly provided the intellectual and ideological expression of the discontented social layers in French society. This included not only the bourgeoisie, at that time kept out of political power by the ancien régime, but also ...

See also:

Socialism, Socialism - An ideology or a group of ideologies, Socialism - Branches of socialism, Socialism - Other ideologies including the word socialism, Socialism - A note on usage, Socialism - What distinguishes the various types of socialism, Socialism - An economic system, Socialism - A state that exists or has existed or may exist, Socialism - Socialism as transition from capitalism, Socialism - Socialism and the mixed economy, Socialism - Opposition and criticisms of socialism; arguments for and against, Socialism - References and further reading

Read more here: » Socialism: Encyclopedia II - Socialism - An ideology or a group of ideologies

On February 7, 1990 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agreed to give up its monopoly of power. The USSR's constituent republics began to assert their national sovereignty over Moscow, and started a "war of laws" with the central Moscow government, in which the governments of the constituent republics repudiated all-union legislation where it conflicted with local laws, asserting control over their local economies and refusing to pay tax revenue to the central Moscow government. This strife caused economic dislocati ...

See also:

History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - The rise of Gorbachev and reform, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Yeltsin and the dissolution of the USSR, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - The August Coup, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Formation of the CIS, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Summary, History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Post-Soviet restructuring

Read more here: » History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Yeltsin and the dissolution of the USSR

Born in Augsburg, Bavaria, Brecht studied medicine and worked briefly as an orderly in a hospital in Munich during World War I. After the war he moved to Berlin where an influential critic, Herbert Ihering, brought him to the attention of a public longing for modern theater. Brecht's first two plays, Baal and Drums in the Night, had already had performances in Munich, and he got to know Erich Engel, a director who worked with him off and on for the rest of his life. In Berlin, In the Jungle of the Cities, starring Fritz ...

See also:

Bertolt Brecht, Bertolt Brecht - Life and career, Bertolt Brecht - Nazi Germany and World War II, Bertolt Brecht - Cold War and East Germany, Bertolt Brecht - Later life, Bertolt Brecht - Impact, Bertolt Brecht - Theory of theatre, Bertolt Brecht - Major works, Bertolt Brecht - Links

Read more here: » Bertolt Brecht: Encyclopedia II - Bertolt Brecht - Life and career

The purge has been a political tool throughout recorded history. In the era of Republican Rome, Marius proscribed Sullan supporters after he and Cinna ousted Cnaeus Octavius; Sulla followed with even more brutal proscriptions against Marian supporters when he came into the dictatorship. The Second Triumvirate instituted more proscriptions some forty years afterward after taking control of Rome from Caesar's murderers. The earliest use of the term itself was the English Civil War's Pride's Purge. In 1648, the moderate members of ...

See also:

Purge, Purge - Notable purges in history

Read more here: » Purge: Encyclopedia II - Purge - Notable purges in history

After 1964, CPSU First Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Premier Aleksei Kosygin emerged as the most influential cadres in the new collective leadership. Eager to avoid Khrushchev's failures, Brezhnev and Kosygin, who represented a new generation of post-revolutionary professional technocrats, conducted state and party affairs in a discreet, cautious manner. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet Union was a complex industrialized society with an intricate division of labor and with complex interconnection of industries over a huge geographical exp ...

See also:

History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - De-Stalinization and the Khrushchev era, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - Reforms and Kruschev's fall, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - The Brezhnev era, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - Problems of economic planning, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - Calls for reform, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - Leadership transition, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - The Andropov interregnum, History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - The Chernenko interregnum

Read more here: » History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union 1953-1985 - The Brezhnev era

There are multiple competing interpretations about what caused the Great Depression. The debate is important because the public and policy makers ever since 1929 have demanded that such a disaster never again happen, so it is imperative to explain why. Economists have not agreed on what caused the depression or what prolonged it. The political interpretations especially important in the USA are as follows: Many economists at the time argued that the sharp decline in international trade helped to cause the depression. Th ...

See also:

Great Depression, Great Depression - Overview, Great Depression - Responses, Great Depression - Daily Life in the United States during the Depression, Great Depression - International effects, Great Depression - Asia, Great Depression - End of the Great Depression, Great Depression - In the United States, Great Depression - Political Perspectives on Causes and Cures, Great Depression - The New Deal and Keynesian economics, Great Depression - The recession of 1937 and recovery, Great Depression - Films and TV

Read more here: » Great Depression: Encyclopedia II - Great Depression - Political Perspectives on Causes and Cures

Béla Kun - Early ages. His father was a lapsed Jew, and his mother a lapsed Protestant. His father was the village notary. Béla Magyarized his surname to Kun in 1906. Though Kun was hostile to all forms of religion, his original Jewish surname was to be the cause of much anti-semitic prejudice against him later in his career. Despite his secular upbringing, Kun was educated at a famous Calvinist kollegium (grammar school) in the city of K ...

See also:

Béla Kun, Béla Kun - Biography, Béla Kun - Early ages, Béla Kun - Early career in the Worker's Movement, Béla Kun - To the Soviet Republic, Béla Kun - The Soviet Republic 1919, Béla Kun - Activity in Austria and the Crimean Areas, Béla Kun - The March Action” in Germany, Béla Kun - Late career, Béla Kun - Endnotes

Read more here: » Béla Kun: Encyclopedia II - Béla Kun - Biography

The party was founded in 1920 after the Third International decided that greater attempts should be made to establish communist parties across the world. The CPGB was formed by the merger of several smaller Marxist parties: the British Socialist Party, the Communist Unity Group of the Socialist Labour Party and the South Wales Socialist Society. The party also gained the support of the Guild Communists faction of the National Guilds League, assorted shop stewards' and workers' committees, socialist clubs and individuals and many former membe ...

See also:

Communist Party of Great Britain, Communist Party of Great Britain - Formation, Communist Party of Great Britain - The 1920s and 30s, Communist Party of Great Britain - The 1940s and 50s, Communist Party of Great Britain - 1960s and 1970s: Decline of the party, Communist Party of Great Britain - 1977-1991: breakup of the party, Communist Party of Great Britain - General Secretaries of the CPGB

Read more here: » Communist Party of Great Britain: Encyclopedia II - Communist Party of Great Britain - Formation

Main article: History of Korea Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms:  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan, Gaya Three Kingdoms:  Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla Unified Silla, Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo Joseon Japanese Rule Divided Korea:  N. Korea, S. Korea List of RulersSee also:

Korea, Korea - Names of Korea, Korea - Culture and philosophy, Korea - History, Korea - Gojoseon, Korea - The Three Kingdoms, Korea - Balhae and Unified Silla, Korea - Goryeo, Korea - Joseon, Korea - Japanese occupation, Korea - Division, Korea - Civil war and hopes for reunification, Korea - Geography, Korea - Demographics, Korea - Korea in sporting events, Korea - Further readings, Korea - Special characters

Read more here: » Korea: Encyclopedia II - Korea - History

Many political murders, often of communist backsliders, have been attributed to Vidale's "bloody hand." This famous operative is immortalized in Diego Rivera's mural "In the Arsenal." [2]. The extreme right [as you face it] of the mural shows the beautiful photographer and silent film actress Tina Modotti holding a belt of ammunition. Vidale' face, partly hidden, stares suspiciously from under a black hat, as he peers over her shoulder, while Modotti gazes lovingly at Julio Antonio Mella (shown with light colored hat) a founder of Communist Party of Cuba. It is noted that in an avowedly communist web sit ...

See also:

Vittorio Vidali, Vittorio Vidali - Move to Mexico, Vittorio Vidali - The Murder of Julio Mella, Vittorio Vidali - The Spanish Civil War, Vittorio Vidali - Return to Mexico, Vittorio Vidali - Return to Italy, Vittorio Vidali - James Bond model, Vittorio Vidali - Printed sources

Read more here: » Vittorio Vidali: Encyclopedia II - Vittorio Vidali - The Murder of Julio Mella

Household income or consumption by percentage share: (1996) lowest 10%: 4.3% highest 10%: 22.4% Industrial production growth rate: 11% (2004) Electricity - production: 70.04 GWh (2001) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 75.54% hydro: 2.55% nuclear: 20.37% other: 1.54% (1998) Electricity - consumption: 55.6 billion kWh (2001), 54,733 GWh (1998) Electricity - exports: 18, ...

See also:

Economy of the Czech Republic, Economy of the Czech Republic - Other statistics

Read more here: » Economy of the Czech Republic: Encyclopedia II - Economy of the Czech Republic - Other statistics

GDP - real growth rate: 4.25% (2005 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $16,800 (2005 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3,3% industry: 32,5% services: 64,2% (2000 est.) Population below poverty line: N/A Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 21% (1998) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 24 (1998) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (20 ...

See also:

Economy of Hungary, Economy of Hungary - Statistics, Economy of Hungary - External links, Economy of Hungary - Lists, Economy of Hungary - Stock exchanges, Economy of Hungary - Stock indices, Economy of Hungary - Other

Read more here: » Economy of Hungary: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Hungary - Statistics

The Moscow Peace Treaty, signed on March 12, 1940, was a shock for the Finns. It was perceived as the ultimate failure of Finland's 1930s foreign policy, which had been based on multilateral guarantees for support from similar countries, first in the world order established by the League of Nations, and later from the Oslo group and Scandinavia. The immediate response was to broaden and intensify this policy. Binding bilateral treaties were now sought where Finland formerly had relied on goodwill and national friendship, and formerly frosty relations with ideological adversaries, such as ...

See also:

Continuation War, Continuation War - Introduction, Continuation War - Aims of war, Continuation War - Background, Continuation War - Before World War II, Continuation War - The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Winter War, Continuation War - After the Moscow Peace Treaty, Continuation War - Interim peace, Continuation War - Attempted Nordic Defence Alliance, Continuation War - Re-armaments, Continuation War - Denmark and Norway occupied, Continuation War - Finland seeks German rapprochement, Continuation War - Continued Soviet pressure, Continuation War - British disregard, Continuation War - Improved relations with Nazi Germany, Continuation War - Attempted Defence Union with Sweden, Continuation War - Road to War, Continuation War - Petsamo Crisis, Continuation War - Diplomatic Activities, Continuation War - Cooperation with Germany, Continuation War - To the Opening of Hostilities, Continuation War - Finnish Offensive 1941, Continuation War - Reconquest of Ladoga Karelia, Continuation War - Reconquest of Karelian Isthmus, Continuation War - Occupation of East Karelia, Continuation War - Advancement from Northern Finland, Continuation War - Political Development, Continuation War - International volunteers and support, Continuation War - Diplomatic manoeuvres, Continuation War - The end of the war, Continuation War - Conclusion, Continuation War - Battles and operations

Read more here: » Continuation War: Encyclopedia II - Continuation War - After the Moscow Peace Treaty

At the age of six, Blair was sent to a small Anglican parish school in Henley-on-Thames, which his sister had attended before him. He never wrote of his recollections of it, but he must have impressed the teachers very favourably, for two years later he was recommended to the headmaster of one of the most successful preparatory schools in England at the time: St Cyprian's School, in Eastbourne, Sussex. Blair attended St Cyprian's on a scholarship that allowed his parents to pay only half of the usual fees. Many years later, he would recall h ...

See also:

George Orwell, George Orwell - Early life, George Orwell - Education, George Orwell - Burma and the early novels, George Orwell - The Road to Wigan Pier, George Orwell - The Spanish Civil War and Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell - The second world war and Animal Farm, George Orwell - The road to Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell - Political views, George Orwell - Legacy, George Orwell - Work, George Orwell - Influence on the English language, George Orwell - Literary influences, George Orwell - Trivia, George Orwell - Books, George Orwell - Essays, George Orwell - Poems, George Orwell - Books about George Orwell

Read more here: » George Orwell: Encyclopedia II - George Orwell - Education

Browder became general secretary of the Communist party in 1930 and took over the top position of party chairman in 1932 after William Z. Foster suffered a heart attack. Foster was the party's candidate for President of the United States in the 1936 presidential election but won only 80,195 votes. He tried to run for President in the 1940 presidential election but was forbidden by a court order from travelling around the country and won only 46,251 votes. In 1939 Browder appointed Rudy Baker to head the CPUSA underground apparatus to replace J. P ...

See also:

Earl Browder, Earl Browder - Early years, Earl Browder - CPUSA leadership, Earl Browder - Post-expulsion

Read more here: » Earl Browder: Encyclopedia II - Earl Browder - CPUSA leadership

George Galloway - Mariam Appeal. In 1998 Galloway founded the Mariam Appeal, intended "to campaign against sanctions on Iraq which are having disastrous effects on the ordinary people of Iraq". The campaign was named after Mariam Hamza, a single child flown by the fund from Iraq to Britain to receive treatment for leukaemia. The intention was to raise awareness of the suffering and death of tens of thousands of other Iraqi children due to lack of suitable medicines and facilities, and to campaign for the lifting ...

See also:

George Galloway, George Galloway - Early and personal life, George Galloway - War on Want, George Galloway - Parliamentary career, George Galloway - Member of Parliament Glasgow, George Galloway - Troubles within the Labour Party, George Galloway - Pakistani activities, George Galloway - Expulsion from the Labour Party, George Galloway - 2005 election, George Galloway - Parliamentary participation statistics, George Galloway - Political views and characteristics, George Galloway - Iraq, George Galloway - Views on Blair and Bush, George Galloway - July 2005 London bombings, George Galloway - Rhetorical skill, George Galloway - John Malkovich incident, George Galloway - Muslim/Progressive Alliance, George Galloway - Corruption allegations, George Galloway - Mariam Appeal, George Galloway - Oil for Food, George Galloway - Publishing/media activities, George Galloway - Asian Voice, George Galloway - Autobiography, George Galloway - Friction, George Galloway - Celebrity Big Brother, George Galloway - Notes

Read more here: » George Galloway: Encyclopedia II - George Galloway - Corruption allegations

1956 Hungarian Revolution - Prelude. Following World War II, the borders were almost identically restored to those of 1920. Hungary became part of the Soviet area of influence, and after a brief period of multiparty democracy, it transformed into a communist state by 1949, under the dictatorship of Mátyás Rákosi and the Hungarian Communist Party. On March 5, 1953, Josef Stalin died, leaving a power vacuum at the top of the Soviet Union and ushering in a brief period of destalinization - in which some anti-Stalin sentiment was tolerated. Most Eu ...

See also:

1956 Hungarian Revolution, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - Overview, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - Historical debate, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - What happened, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - Prelude, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - 23 October to 3 November, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - 4 November onwards, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - Why it happened, 1956 Hungarian Revolution - Motivations

Read more here: » 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Encyclopedia II - 1956 Hungarian Revolution - What happened

Communist Party of Canada - Origins. The Communist Party was organized with great secrecy in a barn near the city of Guelph, Ontario, in May 1921. Many of its founding members had belonged to groups such as the Socialist Party of Canada, One Big Union, the Socialist Labor Party, the Industrial Workers of the World, and other socialist, Marxist or Labour parties or clubs. The party was founded as the Canadian section of the Comintern, and wa ...

See also:

Communist Party of Canada, Communist Party of Canada - History, Communist Party of Canada - Origins, Communist Party of Canada - Expulsion of factions, Communist Party of Canada - Great Depression, Communist Party of Canada - Labour-Progressive Party, Communist Party of Canada - Collapse of the Soviet bloc and party split, Communist Party of Canada - Reconstituted party, Communist Party of Canada - 2005 split, Communist Party of Canada - General Secretaries of the CPC, Communist Party of Canada - Central Executive Committee, Communist Party of Canada - Election results, Communist Party of Canada - By-elections

Read more here: » Communist Party of Canada: Encyclopedia II - Communist Party of Canada - History

The Paris Commune was short-lived, and no other serious attempt at implementing Marx's ideas was made during his lifetime. After Marx, Vladimir Lenin discussed the concept of the "dictatorship of the proletariat" in The State and Revolution (1917), elaborating his proposals for putting it into practice. Lenin believed that the political form of the Paris Commune was revived in the councils of workers and soldiers that appeared after the 1905 Russian Revolution that called themselves soviets. Their task, according to L ...

See also:

Dictatorship of the proletariat, Dictatorship of the proletariat - Marx's dictatorship of the proletariat, Dictatorship of the proletariat - The dictatorship of the proletariat since Lenin, Dictatorship of the proletariat - Quotations

Read more here: » Dictatorship of the proletariat: Encyclopedia II - Dictatorship of the proletariat - The dictatorship of the proletariat since Lenin