The Uyghur (Chinese: [historical]: 回紇; [modern]: 維吾爾) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group living in northwestern China mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the largest ethnic group together with Han Chinese, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Russia. Another group of Uyghurs lives in Taoyuan County of Hunan province in Southcentral China. Uyghurs form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. Uyghur - Origins. Historically the term "Uyghur" ( ...

Including:

• Uyghur - Origins
• Uyghur - Notable Uyghurs

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Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. Class conflict is thought to play a pivotal role in history of class societies (such as capitalism and feudalism) by Marxists who refer to its overt manifestations as class struggle. Regardless of the truth or utility of that theory, conflict between classes exi ...

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• Class conflict - Classes under capitalism
• Class conflict - Class in the Soviet Union and similar societies

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Alan John Percivale Taylor (March 25, 1906 – September 7, 1990) was a renowned British historian of the 20th century. Taylor was probably the best-known British historian of the century and was certainly one of the most controversial. Taylor was born in Birkdale, brought up in Lancashire, and educated at various Quaker schools and the Bootham School in York. In 1924, he went to Oxford to study modern history. His wealthy parents held strongly left-wing views, which Taylor inherited. In the 1920s, Taylor's mother was a member ...

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• A.J.P. Taylor - Books

Read more here: » A.J.P. Taylor: Encyclopedia - A.J.P. Taylor

The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty, officially named the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance, was a military organization of Central and Eastern European Communist states. It was established in 1955 to counter the perceived threat from the NATO alliance (which had been established in 1949). The creation of the Warsaw Pact was prompted by the integration of a "re-militarized" West Germany into NATO via ratification of the Paris Agreements. The Pact lasted throughout the Cold War until, following the col ...

Including:

• Warsaw Pact - Members
• Warsaw Pact - History
• Warsaw Pact - Post-Warsaw Pact

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History of communism Schools of communism Marxism · Leninism Trotskyism · Maoism Council communism Religious communism Communist parties Communist International World Communist Movement Communist revolution World revolution Communist states The Soviet Union People's Republic of China Cuba · Vietnam Laos · North Korea Related subjects Socialism Planned economy ...

Including:

• Communist state - Definition of a Communist state
• Communist state - Historical examples
• Communist state - Early examples of communist societies
• Communist state - 20th century
• Communist state - Communist theories and ideologies of government
• Communist state - Relationship between party and state
• Communist state - Criticism and advocacy
• Communist state - List of current Communist states
• Communist state - Defunct Communist states
• Communist state - References and further reading
• Communist state - References on human rights violations by Communist states

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The year 1985 marked the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Soviet Union following the death of Konstantin Chernenko. Despite efforts to introduce concepts such as glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring), Gorbachev found himself presiding over a declining empire. The Union faced opposition abroad through the Western assumption of military superiority and the internal struggle within the restless republics led by Boris Yeltsin that asserted sovereignity. A fa ...

Including:

• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - The rise of Gorbachev and reform
• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Yeltsin and the dissolution of the USSR
• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - The August Coup
• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Formation of the CIS
• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Summary
• History of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 - Post-Soviet restructuring

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During the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and its allies in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and - until the early 1960s - Albania). The "Eastern Bloc" is also used as another name for the Warsaw Pact (a Soviet-led military alliance) or the Comecon (an intern ...

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Adolph Joffe - Revolutionary Career. Joffe was born in Crimea in a wealthy Karaite [1] family and became a social democrat in 1900 while still in high school. He formally joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. In 1904 Joffe was sent to Baku, which he had to flee to avoid arrest. He was then sent to Moscow, but had to flee again, this time abroad. After the events of Bloody Sunday on January 9, 1905, Joffe r ...

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Adolph Joffe, Adolph Joffe - Biography, Adolph Joffe - Revolutionary Career, Adolph Joffe - 1917 Revolution, Adolph Joffe - Brest-Litovsk, Adolph Joffe - Diplomatic Career, Adolph Joffe - Opposition and Suicide, Adolph Joffe - Notes

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In an often bitter campaign, Aleksander Kwaśniewski won the presidential election in 1995, collecting 51.7 percent of votes in the run-off, against 48.3 percent for the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa, the former Solidarity leader. Kwaśniewski's campaign slogans were "Let's choose the future" (Wybierzmy przyszłość) and "A Poland for all" (Wspólna Polska). Political opponents disputed his victory, claiming that he had lied about his education in registration documents, implying that he ha ...

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Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Aleksander Kwaśniewski - 1973—1991: Early political career, Aleksander Kwaśniewski - 1991—1995: Parliamentary terms, Aleksander Kwaśniewski - 1995—2005: Presidency, Aleksander Kwaśniewski - Awards

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A compositor active in the trade union movement in Sofia, Dimitrov joined the Social-Democratic Party of Bulgaria in 1902, and in 1903 followed Dimitâr Blagoev and his wing, as it formed the Social Democratic and Labour Party of Bulgaria ("The Narrow Party") - the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1919, when it affliated to Bolshevism and the Comintern. From 1904 to 1923, he was Secretary of the Trade Union Federation; in 1915 (during World War I) he was elected to the Bulgarian Parliament and opposed the voting o ...

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Georgi Dimitrov, Georgi Dimitrov - Early career, Georgi Dimitrov - Leipzig Trial and Comintern leadership, Georgi Dimitrov - Leader of Bulgaria

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Further information: Shell corporation, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Front organization, Front organization - Principal users of front entities, Front organization - Primary spheres of influence of front entities, Front organization - Fronts in organized crime, Front organization - Fronts for intelligence agencies, Front organization - Fronts for religious organizations, Front organization - Fronts for banned paramilitary organizations, Front organization - Fronts for extremist political organizations, Front organization - Corporate front groups, Front organization - Astroturfing

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The son of a metalworker and the eldest of ten children, Platonov was born in a village near the town of Voronezh. After spending his adolescence in various trades and serving in the Red Army, he became an engineer in 1924, writing short pieces for newspapers. He began publishing stories and poems in the early 1920s, while working as a land reclamation expert in central Russia. Here he witnessed the disease and upheaval caused by forced collectivization. By 1927 he went to Moscow to write full-time. He was a peripheral member of the Pereval peasant writers group, and produced the short story ...

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Andrei Platonov, Andrei Platonov - Life, Andrei Platonov - Writing, Andrei Platonov - List of works

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Taylor was born in Birkdale, near Southport, brought up in Lancashire, and educated at various Quaker schools and the Bootham School in York. In 1924, he went to Oxford to study modern history. His wealthy parents held strongly left-wing views, which Taylor inherited. In the 1920s, Taylor's mother was a member of the Comintern and one of his uncles a founding member of the British Communist Party. In his youth, Taylor himself had been a member of the British Communist Party from 1924-1926. Taylor broke with the Communist Party over what he c ...

See also:

A.J.P. Taylor, A.J.P. Taylor - Life and work, A.J.P. Taylor - Books

Read more here: » A.J.P. Taylor: Encyclopedia II - A.J.P. Taylor - Life and work

Within IS the Trotskyist Tendency (TT) clashed with the leadership of the IS over many issues, for instance on the issue of the Common Market on which the IS leadership was divided and over the use of the "Troops Out" slogan regarding Northern Ireland. This was a particularly controversial issue at the time, the IS leadership arguing that an immediate withdrawal of troops would harm the nationalist cause given the attacks by some loyalists on nationalist areas. By 1971 the TT had grown and its positions had some currency within IS but ...

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Alliance for Workers' Liberty, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - Workers' Fight, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - Trotskyist Tendency, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - International-Communist League, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - Workers Socialist League, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - Socialist Organiser Alliance, Alliance for Workers' Liberty - Alliance for Workers' Liberty

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As a son of an unemployed worker near Bratislava, he quickly became a Communist. He joined the Communist Youth Union at the age of sixteen while studying at the Gymnasium (Grammar School) in Bratislava. In 1933, when he started his studies, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) which was banned from 1938 to 1945. During World War II he was periodically jailed by the Jozef Tiso government for illegal Communist activities, and he was one of the leaders of the 1944 Slovak National ...

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Gustáv Husák, Gustáv Husák - Life, Gustáv Husák - Functions, Gustáv Husák - Other important data

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In 1918, by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the new Bolshevik Russian state accepted the loss of sovereignty and influence over Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine (plus parts of Armenia and Georgia) as a concession to the Central Powers. In accordance with the Mitteleuropa-policy, they were designated to become satellite states to, or parts of, the German Empire with dukes and kings related to the German emperor. As a consequence of the German defeat in the autumn of 1918, and not without active support from the al ...

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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Background, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Franco-British negotiations with the Soviet Union, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - The Munich Agreement and Soviet foreign policy, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Nazi–Soviet rapprochement, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Effects, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Aftermath, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Alternative terms

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The novel focuses upon one man named Winston Smith who stands, seemingly alone, against the corrupted reality of his world: hence its original working name of The Last Man in Europe. Although the storyline is unified, it could be described as having three parts, and indeed has been published by some in such a fashion. The first part deals with the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four as seen through the eyes of Winston; the second part deals with Winston's forbidden sexual relationship with Julia and his eagerness to rebel against the ...

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Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Novel history, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Title, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Orwell's inspiration, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - History according to 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Ministries of Oceania, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The Party, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Political geography, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The war, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Living standards, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Newspeak, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Technology, Nineteen Eighty-Four - The themes of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Nationalism, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Sexual repression, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Futurology, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Religiosity, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Appendix on Newspeak, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Cultural impact, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Controversy, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Adaptations, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Films, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Radio, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Television, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Opera, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Related works, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Television, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Video games, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Recordings, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Film, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Big Brother Awards, Nineteen Eighty-Four - Bibliography

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After the Second World War, the Communist Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito decided that the policy of Serbianization in Macedonia had failed - it had led to strong resentment of Belgrade. In addition, the Macedonians had been strong supporters of Tito's Partisan resistance movement, fighting the occupying Bulgarians, Germans and Italians as well as opposing the Serbian royalist Chetniks, who were, until midway through the war, the West's favorite rebels in Serbia. The Macedonian resistance had a strongly nationalist character, not least as a ...

See also:

Macedonians ethnic group, Macedonians ethnic group - Areas of settlement, Macedonians ethnic group - Major Populations of Macedonians by country, Macedonians ethnic group - Origins and identities, Macedonians ethnic group - Symbols, Macedonians ethnic group - The Balkan Wars, Macedonians ethnic group - Macedonians after the Second World War, Macedonians ethnic group - The situation today

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After the Second World War, the Communist Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito decided that the policy of Serbianization in Macedonia had failed - it had led to strong resentment of Belgrade. In addition, the Macedonians had been strong supporters of Tito's Partisan resistance movement, fighting the occupying Bulgarians, Germans and Italians as well as opposing the Serbian royalist Chetniks, who were, until midway through the war, the West's favorite rebels in Serbia. The Macedonian resistance had a strongly nationalist character, not least as a ...

See also:

Macedonians ethnic group, Macedonians ethnic group - Areas of settlement, Macedonians ethnic group - Major Populations of Macedonians by country, Macedonians ethnic group - Origins and identities, Macedonians ethnic group - The Balkan Wars, Macedonians ethnic group - Macedonians after the Second World War, Macedonians ethnic group - The situation today, Macedonians ethnic group - Bibliography

Read more here: » Macedonians ethnic group: Encyclopedia II - Macedonians ethnic group - Macedonians after the Second World War

After leaving the pro-Soviet Communist Party, Shachtman was a leader of the Socialist Workers Party and was the editor of its theoretical journal New International. He was also the first editor of their newspaper The Militant and was widely regarded as having been second only to James Cannon in the group's leadership. He later split from this organisation however, for the view for which he has become notable, namely a refusal to support the Soviet Union against the West imperialist powers, known as Shachtmanism. In 1940 ...

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Max Shachtman, Max Shachtman - Beginnings, Max Shachtman - Third Camp view, Max Shachtman - Forms the Independent Socialist League, Max Shachtman - Encourages participation with Democrats labor movement, Max Shachtman - Right-leaning Shachtmanite formation of Social Democrats USA, Max Shachtman - Influence on Neoconservatism in the United States

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Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - Under Soviet directives. Soviet influence in Romania under Joseph Stalin nonetheless favored Gheorghiu-Dej, largely seen as a local leader with strong Stalinist principles. The economical influence of the Soviet Union were highlighted by the creation of SovRom companies, which directed Romania's commercial exchanges towards unprofitable markets. On the political level, all of the Romanian political changes had to be pre-approved by Stalin. Gheorghiu-Dej maneuvered Antisemitic trend ...

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Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - Early life, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - In power, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - Under Soviet directives, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - Personal rule, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - Death and legacy

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