sprachbund

Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. It used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian, an unrelated, non-Semitic language. The name of the language is derived from the city of Akkad, a major center of Mesopotamian civiliazation. Akkadian language - Varieties. Akkadian is divided into varieties based on geography and historical ...

Including:

• Akkadian language - Varieties
• Akkadian language - Cuneiform
• Akkadian language - Akkadian grammar
• Akkadian language - Word order
• Akkadian language - Akkadian literature

Read more here: » Akkadian language: Encyclopedia - Akkadian language

In linguistics, a substratum (lat. sub: under + stratum: layer => lower layer) is a language which influences another one while that second language supplants it. It is one of three possible types of linguistic interference. A language, "A", occupies a given territory. A language, "B" (brought, for example, with migrations of population) arrives in the territory. It makes contact, and then interferes with language A. Language B is going to supplant language A: the speakers of language A aba ...

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The (pre-)Proto-Chimakuan sound system contained three vowels, long and short, and lexical stress. It had the following consonants. In Proto-Chimakuan the series [ʧ ʧ’ ʃ] occurred (mostly?) before the vowel /i/. On the other hand, kʷ kʷ’ xʷ occurred (mostly?) before the vowels /a, o/. These series may have become separate phonemes before Chimakum and Quileute split, but if so, it seems clear th ...

See also:

Chimakuan languages, Chimakuan languages - Family division, Chimakuan languages - Phonology, Chimakuan languages - Bibilography

Read more here: » Chimakuan languages: Encyclopedia II - Chimakuan languages - Phonology

The Australian Aboriginal population is for the most part urbanised, but a substantial number live in settlements (often located on the site of former church missions) in what are considered remote areas. The health and economic difficulties facing both groups are substantial. Aboriginal people, particularly youths, are substantially more likely to be imprisoned than the general population, and the rate of suicides in police custody remains quite high. Rates of unemployment, health problems and poverty are likewise higher than the general population; and school retention rate and universi ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today

Romanian language - Dacian language. The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but there is very little knowledge about it. About 300 words found only in Romanian (in all dialects) or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian, many of them being related to pastoral life (for example: balaur=dragon; brânză=cheese; mal=shore; see: Eastern Romance substratum). Some linguists have asserted tha ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Contacts with other languages

Some other areal features partially coincide with or extend beyond the CJKV area: East Asian languages - Morphology. Monosyllabic morphemes are typical of Chinese and Vietnamese, but also Burmese, Thai, Lao, and some other languages of mainland Southeast Asia and South China. They are not usual in Korean, Japanese, or Austronesian languages, though. Monosyllabic morphemes do not always imply monosyllabic words; Chinese is rich in polysyllabic words. Some polysyllabic morphemes exist e ...

See also:

East Asian languages, East Asian languages - CJK area, East Asian languages - Areal linguistic features, East Asian languages - Morphology, East Asian languages - Pronouns, East Asian languages - Syntax, East Asian languages - Etiquette, East Asian languages - Linguistic relationships

Read more here: » East Asian languages: Encyclopedia II - East Asian languages - Areal linguistic features

Akkadian is an inflected language, and as a Semitic language its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Classical Arabic. It possesses two genders (masculine and feminine), distinguished even in second person pronouns (you-masc., you-fem.) and verb conjugations; three cases for nouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, and genitive); three numbers (singular, dual, and plural); and unique verb conjugat ...

See also:

Akkadian language, Akkadian language - Varieties, Akkadian language - Cuneiform, Akkadian language - Akkadian grammar, Akkadian language - Word order, Akkadian language - Akkadian literature

Read more here: » Akkadian language: Encyclopedia II - Akkadian language - Akkadian grammar

Greek is a Centum language, which would place a Graeco-Aryan protolanguage before Satemization, making it identical to late PIE. Proto-Greek does appear to have been affected by the general trend of Palatalization characteristic of the Satem group, evidenced for example by the (post-Mycenaean) change of labiovelars into dentals before e (e.g. kwe > te "and"), but the Satemizing influence appears to have reached Greek only after it had lost the palatovelars (i. ...

See also:

Proto-Greek language, Proto-Greek language - Phonology, Proto-Greek language - Morphology, Proto-Greek language - Noun, Proto-Greek language - Pronoun, Proto-Greek language - Verb, Proto-Greek language - Numerals, Proto-Greek language - Example text

Read more here: » Proto-Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Greek language - Phonology

As at June 2001, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated the total resident indigenous population to be 458,500 (2.4% of Australia's total), 90% of whom identified as Aboriginal, 6% Torres Strait Islander and the remaining 4% being of dual Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parentage. In the 2001 census the Aboriginal population in different States was: New South Wales - 134,888 Queensland - 125,910 Western Australia - 65,931 Northern Territory - 56,875 Victoria - 27,846 South Australia - 25,544 Tasmania - 17,384 See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Population

Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities. Main articles: Australian Aboriginal tribes and List of Indigenous Australian group names Before the British colonisation, there were a great many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language (approximately 300 different languages existed at the time of European settlement). These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia

Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities. Main articles: Australian Aboriginal tribes and List of Australian Aboriginal tribes Before the British colonisation, there were a great many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language (approximately 300 different languages existed at the time of European settlement). These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over time. ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia

These features strongly contrast with major language groups bordering East and Southeast Asia such as Australian languages, Indo-Pacific languages, Paleosiberian languages, and Indo-European languages, as well as Afro-Asiatic languages. Some features loosely similar to some seen in many of the even more distant African languages, such as short, tonal morphemes and a large number of noun classes are likely to have originated independently. Languages of East and Southeast Asia are classified into multiple language families, signifying t ...

See also:

East Asian languages, East Asian languages - CJK area, East Asian languages - Areal linguistic features, East Asian languages - Morphology, East Asian languages - Pronouns, East Asian languages - Syntax, East Asian languages - Etiquette, East Asian languages - Linguistic relationships

Read more here: » East Asian languages: Encyclopedia II - East Asian languages - Linguistic relationships

Albert Namatjira was the first Aboriginal Australian to be given Australian citizenship, in 1957. Aborigines were given the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in Australia in 1962, and in state elections shortly after, with the last state to do this being Queensland in 1965. The 1967 referendum passed in Australia with a 90% majority which allowed the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to Aboriginal ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards

The CJKV area refers to Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, the languages with large amounts of vocabulary of Chinese origin, and which are or were formerly written with Chinese characters Outside of China itself, these coincide with the area where Literary Chinese was at one time used as the written language, and influenced the development of a national written language based on the previously unwritten local non-Chinese language. Chinese morphology and word-forming principles have been carried over into these languages, so tha ...

See also:

East Asian languages, East Asian languages - CJKV area, East Asian languages - Areal linguistic features, East Asian languages - Morphology, East Asian languages - Pronouns, East Asian languages - Syntax, East Asian languages - Etiquette, East Asian languages - Linguistic relationships

Read more here: » East Asian languages: Encyclopedia II - East Asian languages - CJKV area

The CJK area refers to Chinese, Japanese and Korean, the languages with large amounts of vocabulary of Chinese origin, and which are or were formerly written with Chinese characters Outside of China itself, these coincide with the area where Literary Chinese was at one time used as the written language, and influenced the development of a national written language based on the previously unwritten local non-Chinese language. Chinese morphology and word-forming principles have been carried over into these languages, so that it is not u ...

See also:

East Asian languages, East Asian languages - CJK area, East Asian languages - Areal linguistic features, East Asian languages - Morphology, East Asian languages - Pronouns, East Asian languages - Syntax, East Asian languages - Etiquette, East Asian languages - Linguistic relationships

Read more here: » East Asian languages: Encyclopedia II - East Asian languages - CJK area

Chemakum is now extinct. It was spoken until the 1940s on east side of the Olympic Peninsula between Port Townsend and Hood Canal. The name Chemakum is an Anglicized version of a Salishan word for the Chemakum people, such as the nearby Twana word čə́bqəb [ʧə́bqəb] (earlier [ʧə́mqəm]). Quileute is now severely endangered. It is spoken by a few people south of the Makah on the western coast of the Olympic penin ...

See also:

Chimakuan languages, Chimakuan languages - Family division, Chimakuan languages - Phonology, Chimakuan languages - Bibilography

Read more here: » Chimakuan languages: Encyclopedia II - Chimakuan languages - Family division

There is no clear or accepted racial origin of the indigenous people of Australia. Although they migrated to Australia through South-East Asia they are not related to any known Asian population. Nor are they related to the nearby peoples of Melanesia or Polynesia. There is some speculation that they are related to some racial groups in India, based on mitochondrial DNA evidence. In view of the very long time they have been in Australia, almost entirely isolated from other human populations, it is unlikely that they will be found to be clo ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Origins

Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian and Spanish. However, the languages closest to Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages, spoken south of Danube: Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, which are sometimes classified as dialects of Romanian. An alternate name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Classification and related languages

Romanian is spoken mostly in Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, but there are also Romanian language speakers in countries like Canada, United States, Germany, Israel, Australia and New Zealand, mainly due to immigration after World War II. Romanian language - Official status. Romanian is the official language of Romania. In Vojvodina it is established as equal in rights to the official languages, but in fact its status is inferior to that of Serbian due to the small numbe ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - Geographic distribution

The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, an Indo-European people. They were defeated by the Roman Empire in 106 and part of Dacia (Oltenia, Banat and Transylvania) became a Roman province. For the next 165 years, there is evidence of considerable Roman colonization in the area, the region being in close communication with the rest of the Roman empire. Vulgar Latin became the ...

See also:

Romanian language, Romanian language - History, Romanian language - Classification and related languages, Romanian language - Contacts with other languages, Romanian language - Dacian language, Romanian language - Balkan linguistic union, Romanian language - Slavic languages, Romanian language - Other influences, Romanian language - International words, Romanian language - Geographic distribution, Romanian language - Official status, Romanian language - Dialects and regional varieties, Romanian language - Grammar, Romanian language - Sounds, Romanian language - Diphthongs, Romanian language - Triphthongs, Romanian language - Phonetic changes, Romanian language - Writing system, Romanian language - Romanian alphabet, Romanian language - Reading rules, Romanian language - Group of letters, Romanian language - Punctuation and Capitalization, Romanian language - Language sample, Romanian language - Common words and phrases, Romanian language - Notes

Read more here: » Romanian language: Encyclopedia II - Romanian language - History