Jung has had an enduring influence on psychology as well as wider society. He has influenced psychotherapy (see Jungian psychology and Analytical psychology). The concept of introversion vs. extroversion The concept of the complex Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and David Keirsey tests were inspired by Jung's Psychological Types theory. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses people on extraversion and introversion, Jung's function types and also on judging-perceiving, a dimension not found in Jung's origin ...

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Carl Jung, Carl Jung - Jungian psychology, Carl Jung - The collective unconscious, Carl Jung - The shadow, Carl Jung - Anima and Animus, Carl Jung - Jung's life, Carl Jung - Jung and Freud, Carl Jung - Psychological Types, Carl Jung - Psychological Types – another view:, Carl Jung - Influence, Carl Jung - Spiritualism as a cure for alcoholism, Carl Jung - Influences on culture, Carl Jung - Recommended Reading, Carl Jung - Jung bibliography

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First Crusade - The Council of Clermont. Main article: Council of Clermont In March of 1095 Alexius I sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza to ask Urban for aid against the Turks. The emperor's request met with a favourable response from Urban, who hoped to heal the Great Schism of 40 years prior and re-unite the Church under papal supremacy as "chief bishop and prelate over the whole world" (as he referred to himself at ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

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First Crusade - Aftermath. The success of the First Crusade was unprecedented. Newly achieved stability in the west left a warrior aristocracy in search of new conquests and patrimony, and the new prosperity of major towns also meant that money was available to equip expeditions. The Italian naval towns, in particular Venice and Genoa, were interested in extending trade. The Papacy saw the Crusades as a way to assert Catholic influence as a unifying force, with war as a religious mission. This was a new attitude ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

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The origins of the Crusades in general, and of the First Crusade in particular, stem from events earlier in the Middle Ages. The breakdown of the Carolingian empire in previous centuries, combined with the relative stability of European borders after the Christianization of the Vikings and Magyars, gave rise to an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight among themselves and terrorize the peasant population. Outlets for this violence took the form of campaigns against non-Christians. The Reconquista in Spain wa ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

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Reading: Information given to a person by an intuitive or psychic in response to questions asked. May involve past, present and future events.

(See also: Reading, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Hot Reading:

A reading given in which prior knowledge of the sitter has been obtained, often using devious or fraudulent means.

(See also: Hot Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Billet Reading:

Procedure in which a question is secretly written on a piece of paper, which is folded or sealed in an envelope, and handed to the psychic who attempts to answer the question. Fraudulent psychics and mentalists can employ varied trickery.

(See also: Billet Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Cold Reading:

A reading given with no prior knowledge of the sitter. Often a mixture of very general statements, which could apply to anyone, together with inferences, made from cues presented by the sitter (e.g., physical appearance, clothes, tone of voice, statements made).

(See also: Cold Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Reading:

Information given by a psychic or medium to a sitter.

See also Cold Reading , Hot Reading .

(See also: Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Object Reading:

See Psychometry.

(See also: Object Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

A Dictionary of Spiritual Terms. From Acupuncture to Zoroaster.

Please note that all words in grey, like "yoga", "enlightenment" or "kundalini" are hyperlinked to archives further explaining the term. At the corresponding archive you will also find articles related to the term.

For more dictionary entries, see » Spiritual Reading Dictionary

Intuitive Readings: Readers use divine wisdom to guide clients through major life choices and difficulties. Also used to treat and address health issues.

(See also: Intuitive Readings, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Contact Mind Reading:

A technique simulating telepathy, in which the 'mind reader' (who generally holds a hand or arm) responds to slight muscle movements produced unconsciously by the person whose mind is apparently being read. Also known as Muscle reading, Cumberlandism or Hellstromism.

(See also: Contact Mind Reading, Psychic, Psychic Dictionary, Parapsychology, Parapsychology Dictionary)

Chiromancy

See Palm Reading

(See also: Chiromancy, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

soul reading: Variation of psychic healing practiced by Niall Gerrard, an Irishman and a former student of metamorphic techniques (see metamorphic technique).

(See also: Soul reading, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

Darwin again took up his work on worms. As ever, he corresponded widely, encouraging and helping fund research and collecting anecdotes. Emma supported his commitment, saying that "if it was a condition of his living, that he sh[oul]d do now work, she was willing for him to die". For their autumn break they visited Horace and Ida in Cambridge, and to spare him the stress of getting between London stations and changing trains Emma arranged a private railway carriage ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms

In the aftermath of the publication of On the Origin of Species through Natural Selection in 1859, Charles Darwin's allies Charles Lyell, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Thomas Huxley, Alfred Russel Wallace and Asa Gray in America worked to spread acceptance of its ideas despite difficulty in coming to terms with natural selection and man's descent from animals. Darwin's research and experiments on plants and animals continued, and his extensive writings countered the arguments against evolu ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background

Darwin tackled a new edition of the Descent of Man, and offered the self-financing Wallace the work of assisting him. Wallace quoted seven shillings an hour, mentioning that he was "dipping into politics" proposing nationalisation of coal mining. Emma found out and had the task given to their son George, so Darwin had to write apologetically to Wallace, adding "I hope to Heaven that politics will not replace natural s ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man

Now Darwin turned to work on a new edition of The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication incorporating additions from the hundreds of letters and scores of monographs that had been sent to Darwin in the seven years since it had been published. Parts were altered or discarded, and George Romanes set aside work on jellyfish to graft vegetable plants in experiments aimed at finding out about the "gemmules" which Darwin thought formed the mechanism of inheritance of characteristics. Investigations into "pangenesis" by Galton ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised

With Variation at the printers and with his old essay on The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants due out in November 1875 with "illustrations... drawn by my son, George", Darwin wrote The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. This drew on a painstaking series of experiments, protecting the plants from insects and controlling the pollination of flowers, counting the seeds and checking ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation

Psychometry. Lit., "Soul-measuring"; reading or seeing, not with the physical eyes, but with the soul or inner Sight.

(See also: Psychometry, Theosophy, Spirituality, Body mind and Soul, Spiritual Dictionary, )

The German scientific periodical Kosmos featured, as a 70th birthday tribute to Charles Darwin, an essay by Ernst Krause on his grandfather Erasmus Darwin. In March 1879 he arranged for it to be translated as a book to which he would add a biographical preface. This would counter Samuel Butler's Evolution Old and New in which the previously supportive, though unscientific, author of Erewhon had turned against Darwinism, and he sent a copy of it to Krause. In the summer he became bogged down with the proofs of his ...

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Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Background, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Family matters eugenics, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish conflict, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pause, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Fiske, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of The Descent of Man, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Parish reading room, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Spiritualism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - New edition of Descent, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous plants, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Controversy with Mivart, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Insectiverous Plants parish and vivisection, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Variation revised, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Cross and Self Fertilisation, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Recollections, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Liberalism, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Holidays, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Honorary Doctorate, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Romanes, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Samuel Butler, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Coming of Age, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Help for Wallace, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Work on worms, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - No heart or strength, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - The Creed of Science, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Pleasant memories, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Roots and illness, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Death, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Funeral, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Commemoration, Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Reference

Read more here: » Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms: Encyclopedia II - Darwin from Insectivorous plants to Worms - Biography of Erasmus Darwin