Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography
Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Quotes
Mind and body are one and the same individual which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, and now under the attribute of exten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Life
Born to a great family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, he gained fame for his positions of pantheism and neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza
Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), was named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de E...   » Read the article

Article - Dharma: Dharma In Other Religions
All other religions also lay stress on Dharma. Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Islam are all remarkably alive t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Will Sociology: Encyclopedia - Will Sociology
In sociology, will is a concept, introduced by Ferdinand Toennies (see there), in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", 1887. Toennies' approa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia - Causality
The philosophical concept of causality or causation refers to the set of all particular "causal" or "cause-and-effect" relations. A neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia - René Descartes
René Descartes (IPA: /deˈkaʁt/, March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory
This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews
Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn   • Ashkenazi Jews   • Mizrahi Jews   •&...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri: Encyclopedia - Antonio Negri
Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. Negri is perhaps most well-known for his co-authorship of Empire ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multitude: Encyclopedia - Multitude
Multitude is a term of Spinoza's taken up by political theorists Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri in the international best-seller Empire...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (October 16, 1918 - October 23, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the presti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Bibliography
Baruch Spinoza - By Spinoza. Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. 1662. On the Improvement of the Understanding. Project Gut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy
Known as both the "greatest Jew" and the "greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Life
Born to a great family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, he gained fame for his positions of pantheism and neutr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Modern Relevance
Albert Einstein said that Spinoza was the philosopher who had most influenced his worldview (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infini...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy - Relativism
Encapsulated at the start in his Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding (Tractatus de intellectus emendatione) is the core of S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philip Verheyen: Encyclopedia Ii - Philip Verheyen - His Career And The Influence Of Ruysch And Spinoza
Embarking on a career in medicine, he initially continued at H-Drievuldigheids College and then in 1678 moved to Leids Universitair Medic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philip Verheyen: Encyclopedia Ii - Philip Verheyen - His Birth And The Beginning Of His Education
On April 24th, 1648 Philip Verheyenin Borringe (better known as Philip Verheyen) was born to a poor family of farmers in a small town out...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Modern Relevance
Albert Einstein said that Spinoza was the philosopher who had most influenced his worldview (Weltanschauung). Spinoza equated God (infini...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baruch Spinoza: Encyclopedia Ii - Baruch Spinoza - Philosophy - Overview
Known as both the "greatest Jew" and the "greatest Atheist", Spinoza contended that God and Nature were two names for the same reality, n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Philip Verheyen: Encyclopedia Ii - Philip Verheyen - The Amputation And The Phantom Limb
Concluding his studies in the arts in 1675 Verheyen went on to study theology with the intention of following in the footsteps of his men...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza (Netherlands, 1632-1677) is in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Tractatus Politicus a proto-liberal defending the va...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Process Theories
Some theorists are interested in distinguishing between causal processes and non-causal processes (Russell 1948; Salmon 1984). These theo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causality In Psychology
The above theories are attempts to define a reflectively stable notion of causality. This process uses our standard causal intuitions to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causation In Religion And Theology
Causality - Cosmological argument. One of the classic arguments for the existence of God is known as the "Cosmological argument" or "Fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causality In Science And The Humanities
Using the Scientific method, scientists set up experiments to determine causality in the physical world. Certain elemental forces such as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causation In The History Of Philosophy
Causality - Aristotle. Aristotle suggested four types of cause for a thing that exists: Material, Efficient, Final and Formal. Take for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Necessary And Sufficient Causes
Causes are often distinguished into two types: necessary and sufficient. If x is a necessary cause of y, then y will only occur if preced...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Causality Contrasted With Logical Implication
Logical conditional statements are not statements of causality. Since logical conditional statements and causal statements are both prese...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Probabilistic Causation
Interpreting causation as a deterministic relation means that if A causes B, then A must always be followed by B. In this sense, war does...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Manipulation Theories
Some theorists have equated causality with manipulability (Collingwood 1940; Gasking 1955; Menzies and Price 1993; von Wright 1971). Unde...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Causality: Encyclopedia Ii - Causality - Counterfactual Theories Of Causation
The philosopher David Lewis notably suggested that all statements about causality can be understood as counterfactual statements (Lewis 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novalis: Encyclopedia Ii - Novalis - Biography
Novalis was born May 2, 1772 on his father's estate at Oberwiederstedt in Prussian Saxony. His parents were members of the Moravian (Herr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Novalis: Encyclopedia Ii - Novalis - Writing
Novalis' works are for the most part fragments, of which Heinrich von Ofterdingen, an unfinished romance, is the most significant. This c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oscar Levant: Encyclopedia Ii - Oscar Levant - Quotes
More examples of his controversial repartée: "I used to call Audrey Hepburn a walking X-ray." "A few years ago someone suggested that I ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Axiomatic System: Encyclopedia Ii - Axiomatic System - Axiomatic Method
The axiomatic method is often discussed as if it were a unitary approach, or uniform procedure. With the example of Euclid to appeal to, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Biography
Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France. At the age of eleven, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Philosophical Legacy
Descartes is often regarded as the first modern thinker to provide a philosophical framework for the natural sciences as these began to d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monism: Encyclopedia Ii - Monism - Monism, Pantheism, And Panentheism
Following a long and still current tradition H.P. Owen (1971: 65) claimed that "Pantheists are ‘monists’...they believe that there i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - René Descartes: Encyclopedia Ii - René Descartes - Mathematical Legacy
Descartes said, "Nature can be defined through numbers." Mathematicians consider Descartes of the utmost importance for his discovery of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Francis Fukuyama
Francis Fukuyama (United States, 1952- ) Fukuyama is best known as the author of the controversial book The End of History and the Last M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli (Florence, 1469-1527), best known for his Il Principe was the founder of realist political philosophy, advocated rep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - William Lloyd Garrison
William Lloyd Garrison (United States, 1805-1879) Some literature: Articles advocating abolition of slavery in the newspaperThe Liberat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (United Kingdom, 1806-1873) is one of the first champions of modern "liberalism" as such, his work on political economy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Adolf Berle
Adolf Berle (United States, 1895-1971) was author of The Modern Corporation and Private Property, detailing the importance of differentia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - German Idealism: Encyclopedia Ii - German Idealism - Conclusion
Spinoza had a great influence on post-Kantian German Idealists. Schopenhauer wrote: "In consequence of Kant's criticism of all speculativ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Environmental Ethics: Encyclopedia Ii - Environmental Ethics - Anthropocentrism
What Humanist theories do not allow for is the fact that a system of ethics formulated from a human perspective may not be entirely accur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contributions To Liberal Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Contributions To Liberal Theory - Anders Chydenius
Anders Chydenius (Finland (then a part of the Swedish realm), 1729-1803) His book Den Nationale Winsten proposed roughly same the ideas a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monism: Encyclopedia Ii - Monism - Monism Pantheism And Panentheism
Following a long and still current tradition H.P. Owen (1971: 65) claimed that "Pantheists are ‘monists’...they believe that there i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilles Deleuze: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilles Deleuze - Philosophy
Deleuze's work falls into two groups: on one hand, monographs interpreting modern philosophers (Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Definition
A Sephardi is a Jew originating in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal: ספרד, Standard Hebrew Səfárad, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Distribution
Prior to 1492 substantial Sephardi populations existed in most Spanish provinces. Among the more prominent were in Toledo, Córdoba, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Language
The traditional language of the Sephardim is Judæo-Spanish, also called Ladino (a term considered pejorative in some circles). It is a R...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Early History
The precise origins of the Sephardim are unclear. There is fragmentary and inconclusive evidence of a Jewish presence on the Iberian Peni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Sephardim Under Islam
With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Coherentism: Encyclopedia Ii - Coherentism - Foundationalism
One might conclude that there must be some statements that, for some reason, do not need justification. This view is called foundationali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Later History And Culture
Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as Marranos, had occupied prominent positi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Names
In contrast to Ashkenazic Jews, who do not name newborn children after living relatives, Sephardic Jews often name their children after t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Relationship To Other Jews
Although the Sephardim lived on peaceful terms with other Jews, they rarely intermarried with them; neither did they unite with them in f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naturalistic Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Naturalistic Pantheism - Adherents
Adherents feel that naturalistic pantheism might best be understood through the teachings of Spinoza and Taoism historically, and the Uni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Medicine
Although less than in Ashkenazi Jews, there is a higher incidence of certain hereditary diseases in Sephardi Jews. The most important one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilles Deleuze: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilles Deleuze - Philosophy
Deleuze's work falls into two groups: on one hand, monographs interpreting modern philosophers (Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Intelligent Design Book: Encyclopedia Ii - Intelligent Design Book - Overview
Dembski begins by logically analyzing signs from God in the Bible, and notes that such signs have specificity and complexity, which enabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balthazar Isaac Orobio De Castro: Encyclopedia Ii - Balthazar Isaac Orobio De Castro - Works
Orobio de Castro was a very prolific writer. His work entitled Certamen Philosophicum Propugnatæ Veritatis Divinæ ac Naturalis Adversus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Biographical Information
Louis Althusser - Early Life. Althusser wrote two autobiographies, L'Avenir dure longtemps, or "The Future Lasts a Long Time," which is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Louis Althusser: Encyclopedia Ii - Louis Althusser - Thought
Althusser's earlier works include the influential volume Reading Capital, which collects the work of Althusser and his students on an int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Hegel's Legacy
Some of Hegel's writing was intended for those with advanced knowledge of philosophy, although his "Encyclopedia" was intended as a textb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Schleiermacher: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Schleiermacher - Ethics
Next to religion and theology it was to the moral world, of which, indeed, the phenomena of religion and theology were in his systems onl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Philosophical Views
Meaning of life - Value as meaning. In that they attempt to answer the question "What is valuable in life?", theories of value are theo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pantheism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pantheism - Varieties Of Pantheism
This article distinguishes between two divergent groups of pantheists: Classical pantheism, which is expressed in the immanent God of Ka...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hasdai Crescas: Encyclopedia Ii - Hasdai Crescas - Biography
Hadai Crescas came from a family of scholars; he was a disciple of the Talmudist and philosopher Nissim ben Reuben, known as The RaN. Fol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Hegel's Legacy
Some of Hegel's writing was intended for those with advanced knowledge of philosophy, although his "Encyclopedia" was intended as a textb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Freemasonry: Encyclopedia Ii - Freemasonry - Membership Requirements
Freemasonry accepts members from almost any monotheistic religion. While atheists and agnostics are unreservedly accepted in lodges worki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franciscus Van Den Enden: Encyclopedia Ii - Franciscus Van Den Enden - Importance
One of the central question concerning Franciscus van den Enden is whether and in how far he was an influence on the philosophy of Spinoz...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia Ii - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Teachings
Hegel was fascinated by the works of Spinoza, Kant, Rousseau, and Goethe, and by the French Revolution. Modern philosophy, culture, and s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - De Grootste Nederlander: Encyclopedia Ii - De Grootste Nederlander - From 11-50
11 Aletta Jacobs 12 Christiaan Huygens 13 Annie M.G. Schmidt 14 Queen Juliana of the Netherlands 15 Johan Rudolf Thorbecke 16 Majoor Boss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Network - In Practice
Perhaps not surprisingly, some modern power networks claim some of their practices originate in the above principles and doctrines. An ea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acosmism: Encyclopedia - Acosmism
Acosmism, in contrast to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory, (the suffix "a-" in Greek meani...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Spinoza, Baruch: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Spinoza, Baruch
Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677) {SD, BCW}   (See also: Spinoza, Baruch , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul) &nb...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Baruch Spinoza: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary On Baruch Spinoza
Spinoza, Baruch: Dutch philosopher (1632-1677) who taught a monistic pantheism of one infinite substance, God or nature. (See also: ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Sagittarius: Mysticism Magick Dictionary On Sagittarius
SAGITTARIUS The sign of the Centaur, embodiment of the struggle between the animal nature and reason, the corporeal and the spiritual ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Cartesian System: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Cartesian System
Cartesian System The system of Descartes, the great French philosopher (1596-1650), representing the first great attempt in Europe to ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Natura Naturans: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Natura Naturans
Natura Naturans (Latin) Nature naturing; Spinoza, who identified God and nature, distinguished between natura naturans and natura natu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Teleology: Encyclopedia - Teleology
Teleology is the supposition that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hylozoism: Encyclopedia - Hylozoism
Hylozoism is the philosophical doctrine that all material things possess life. The term was introduced by Ralph Cudworth in 1678. Some of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Age Of Enlightenment: Encyclopedia - Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a larger period which incl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satan: Encyclopedia Ii - Satan - In The Hebrew Bible
In the Hebrew Bible, Satan is to be better understood as an "accuser" or "adversary" than as an embodiment of "evil." The term is applied...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ontology: Encyclopedia Ii - Ontology - Subject, Relationship, Object
"What exists", "What is", "What am I", "What is describing this to me", all exemplify questions about being, and highlight the most basic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satan: Encyclopedia Ii - Satan - In Rabbinic Literature
Early rabbinic Jewish statements in the Mishnah and Talmud show that Satan played little or no role in Jewish theology. In the course of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satan: Encyclopedia Ii - Satan - In The Hebrew Apocrypha
In Wisdom ii. 24 Satan is represented, with reference to Gen. iii., as the father of all lies, who brought death into the world; he is ap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satan: Encyclopedia Ii - Satan - Satan In Islam
Shaitan (شيطان) is the devil, or the enemy of Allah and is the equivalent of Satan in Christianity and Judaism. The Islamic view of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Satan: Encyclopedia Ii - Satan - In The New Testament
Satan figures much more prominently in the New Testament and in Christian theology generally. In the New Testament, Satan appears as a te...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Humorous Treatments
The very concept "the meaning of life" has become such a cliché that it has often been parodied, such as in the radio series The Hitchhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Popular Beliefs
"What is the meaning of life?" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lifetime. Some people believe that the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Spiritual Views
Mitch Albom wrote about his dying professor Morrie and their last lessons together in the bestseller Tuesdays with Morrie in which some i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Scientific Approaches And Theories
Where scientists and philosophers converge on the quest for the meaning of life is an assumption that the mechanics of life (i.e., the un...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meaning Of Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Meaning Of Life - Religious Beliefs
It is often suggested that religion is a response to humanity's need to simply stop being confused, or to the fear of death (and the conc...   » Read the article

Article - Hindu Hinduism Sitemap I - B
This is a sitemap for topic pages related to Hinduism. Click on a link and you will find multiple articles related to the topic:  ...   » Read the article