By the mid-1950s, the bulk of the information cadaver testing could provide had been harvested. It was also necessary to collect data on accident survivability, research for which cadavers were woefully inadequate. In concert with the shortage of cadavers, this need forced researchers to seek other models. A description by Mary Roach of the Eighth Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference shows the direction in which research had begun to move. "We saw chimpanzees riding rocket sleds, a bear on an impact swing...We observed a pig, anesthetized and placed in a sitting position on the swing in the harness, crashed in ...

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Crash test dummy, Crash test dummy - The need for testing, Crash test dummy - Cadaver testing, Crash test dummy - Volunteer testing, Crash test dummy - Animal testing, Crash test dummy - Dummy evolution, Crash test dummy - The Hybrid III family, Crash test dummy - The test process, Crash test dummy - Hybrid's successors, Crash test dummy - The future of the dummy, Crash test dummy - Crash test dummies in popular culture

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Waist training, or waist reduction, generally uses an hourglass corset. Waist reduction is most often used by women who are post-pregnancy or by women involved in BDSM (called tightlacers). Several books are available for women who are not a part of the BDSM subculture and want to practice waist training. No structural features distinguish a modern waist training corset from a corset worn as an external garment for special occasions. Training corsets are always made from strong fabric (or leather) and with relatively in-flexible bonin ...

See also:

Training corset, Training corset - Orthopedic corsets, Training corset - Waist training corsets, Training corset - Bondage and discipline corsets, Training corset - Preparatory corsets

Read more here: » Training corset: Encyclopedia II - Training corset - Waist training corsets

Downward Dog begins by kneeling with the hands and knees on the floor, hands under the shoulders, fingers spread wide, knees under the hips, knees about seven inches apart, spine straight and relaxed. On a deep exhale, the hips are pushed toward the ceiling, the body forming an inverted V-shape. Legs are straight. Arms are straight, elbows engaged, shoulders wide and relaxed. The heels move toward the floor. Hands and feet remain hip-width apart. If the hamstrings are very strong or tight, the knees ...

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Adho Mukha Svanasana, Adho Mukha Svanasana - Description

Read more here: » Adho Mukha Svanasana: Encyclopedia II - Adho Mukha Svanasana - Description

Lower back pain is the single most common chronic pain syndrome seen in pain clinics in the Western world. 90% of patients with acute back pain improve within one month, the 10% who do not improve account for 85% of annual expenditures on back pain. The management goals when dealing with back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible; to restore function; to help the patient cope with residual pain; to assess for side effects of therapy; and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. Back pain - Back mani ...

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Back pain, Back pain - Underlying causes, Back pain - Management, Back pain - Back manipulation and spinal manipulation, Back pain - Physiotherapy exercise and behavior modification, Back pain - Medical procedures, Back pain - Related topics

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The typical patient is a young man of 15-30 years old (although women are also affected) with pain and stiffness in the spine. It is also associated with iridocyclitis (anterior uveitis), ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and Reiter's disease, through HLA-B27 (see below). Osteopenia or osteoporosis of AP spine, causing eventual compression fractures and a back "hump" if untreated. Organs affected by AS, other than the axial spine, are ...

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Ankylosing spondylitis, Ankylosing spondylitis - Signs and symptoms, Ankylosing spondylitis - Diagnosis, Ankylosing spondylitis - Pathophysiology, Ankylosing spondylitis - Epidemiology, Ankylosing spondylitis - Therapy, Ankylosing spondylitis - Physical therapy, Ankylosing spondylitis - Medication, Ankylosing spondylitis - Alternative medicine, Ankylosing spondylitis - Prognosis, Ankylosing spondylitis - Famous patients, Ankylosing spondylitis - Reference

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Some loach species are popular as food fish in East Asian countries such as Japan. They are of importance in the fisheries or being raised in aquaculture. Some species of loach may occasionally be caught for bait. Many of the more brightly-colored loach species are popular with freshwater aquarists and are therefore of importance in the aquarium trade. The more colorful tropical loaches that are kept as pets mai ...

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Loach, Loach - Typical Features, Loach - Economic Importance, Loach - Loaches often encountered in aquarium trade, Loach - Cultural Note, Loach - External link

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At 4:00 AM on November 5, 1983, four divers were in a compression chamber system attached to a diving bell on the rig, being assisted by two dive tenders. One diver was about to close the door between the chamber system and the trunk when the chamber was explosively decompressed from a pressure of 9 atm to 1 atm in a fraction of a second. Five of the men were killed; the other was severely injured. The situation just before this accident occurred was as follows. Compression chambers 1 and 2 were connected via a trunk to a diving bell. ...

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Byford Dolphin, Byford Dolphin - Diving bell accident, Byford Dolphin - Medical findings, Byford Dolphin - Investigation, Byford Dolphin - Other incidents

Read more here: » Byford Dolphin: Encyclopedia II - Byford Dolphin - Diving bell accident

Epidural anesthesia is a form of local, or more specifically regional, anesthesia involving injection of drugs through a fine tube, called a catheter, which is placed into the epidural space. The epidural space is very close to the spinal cord, lying just outside the outer most membrane called the dura mater. Most commonly, anesthesiologists place the catheter in the lumbar, or lower back region of the spine, although sometimes a catheter is placed in ...

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Epidural, Epidural - Epidural anesthesia, Epidural - Technique, Epidural - Side effects, Epidural - Complications, Epidural - Contraindications, Epidural - Epidural analgesia, Epidural - Epidural in childbirth, Epidural - Epidural Steroid Injection

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The main feature of interest is its skull. The skull was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many holes, though it was sturdy and frequently recovered in good condition. The huge nostrils, positioned in front of the eyes, probably contained a large area of moist membrane to cool the brain in the hot weather of the Jurassic. The 19 cm-long (7.5 inch) teeth were shaped like chisels (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that Camarasaurus probably ate coarser plant material than th ...

See also:

Camarasaurus, Camarasaurus - Anatomy, Camarasaurus - Behavior, Camarasaurus - Discovery, Camarasaurus - Classification

Read more here: » Camarasaurus: Encyclopedia II - Camarasaurus - Anatomy

Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole, and Coleman Hawkins are among several early jazz musicians whose birthdates have been disputed. Many sources give Webb's birth year of 1909, however there is research that shows this may be incorrect. The Encyclopedia Britannica Online gives two possible years for his birthdate, 1902 and 1909. [1] Still other publications claim other years. The New York Times reported in 1939 that Webb was born in 1907. According to an online article written by Eric B. Borgman, everyone has gotten Webb's birthdat ...

See also:

Chick Webb, Chick Webb - Disputed birthdate, Chick Webb - Sources

Read more here: » Chick Webb: Encyclopedia II - Chick Webb - Disputed birthdate

Chimera plant - Variegated plants. The best-known plant chimeras are those cultivated for their variegation. Generally the genetic difference is due to mutation in meristematic tissue of a normal plant. For most variegation, the mutation involved is the loss of the chloroplasts in the mutated tissue, so that part of the plant tissue has no green pigment and no photosynthetic ability. This mutated tissue is unable to survive on its own but is kept alive by its partnership with the normal, photosynthesising tissue.

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Chimera plant, Chimera plant - Types of plant chimera, Chimera plant - Variegated plants, Chimera plant - Thornless plants, Chimera plant - Graft-chimeras, Chimera plant - Propagation, Chimera plant - Derivation

Read more here: » Chimera plant: Encyclopedia II - Chimera plant - Types of plant chimera

Borg - Early contacts with the Federation. Having gradually developed over thousands of centuries (see Origin of the Borg) in the galaxy's distant Delta Quadrant, the Borg's first formal contact with Starfleet occurred in 2365 by interference from Q in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, "Q Who?". Q transported the Enterprise-D to System FGC-J25, in the deep Beta Quadrant, just long enough to expose them to the Borg. The Enterprise-D was hopelessly outclassed by the Borg cube e ...

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Borg, Borg - Overview, Borg - History, Borg - Early contacts with the Federation, Borg - The Enterprise-D and Captain Jean-Luc Picard, Borg - Encounters with the Enterprise-E and Voyager, Borg - Assimilation, Borg - Nanoprobes, Borg - Borg species identification, Borg - Origin of the Borg, Borg - Borg from V'ger theory, Borg - Nanobot theory, Borg - Famous maxim, Borg - Pronunciation variations, Borg - All Borg episodes to date, Borg - Star Trek: The Next Generation, Borg - Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Borg - Star Trek: Voyager, Borg - Star Trek: Enterprise, Borg - The Borg in computer games, Borg - The Borg as a cultural allusion

Read more here: » Borg: Encyclopedia II - Borg - History

Modding - Legal issues. Some nations have laws prohibiting modding and accuse modders of attempting to overcome copy prevention schemes. In the United States, the DMCA has set up stiff penalties for modding involving such circumvention. In the European Union, member states have agreed the EU Copyright Directive and are transposing it into national law. A man was convicted in the United Kingdom in July 2005 for sell ...

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Modding, Modding - Computers and digital equipment, Modding - Legal issues, Modding - Video game consoles, Modding - Game software, Modding - Computer cases, Modding - Cars and vehicles, Modding - Orthopedic, Modding - Eco-modding, Modding - Performance tuning, Modding - Industrial Machines, Modding - Lodging

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A bullet will destroy or damage any tissues which it penetrates, leaving a hole behind. It will also cause nearby tissue to stretch and expand as it passes. These two effects are typically referred to as permanent cavitation (the hole left by the bullet) and temporary cavitation (the tissue displaced as the bullet passed). The degree to which permanent and temporary cavitation occur depend on the size, shape, and velocity of the bullet. Wider diameter, blunter shape, higher velocity, or any combination thereof will incre ...

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Stopping power, Stopping power - History, Stopping power - Dynamics of bullets, Stopping power - Biological effects, Stopping power - Physiological effects, Stopping power - Psychological effects, Stopping power - Industry penetration requirements, Stopping power - Overpenetration, Stopping power - Other hypotheses of stopping power, Stopping power - Hydrostatic shock, Stopping power - Energy transfer, Stopping power - One-shot stop, Stopping power - Ethical discussion

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The casualty must be lifted (scoop) to be put on the stretcher. This lifting can be made manually, but it is also possible to use specific devices. These devices can be also used as stretchers, but only for short distances. A long spine board can be used to scoop and carry the victim to the stretcher; in case a spine trauma is suspected, the victim is left on the board and tied to it and the board is simply put on the stretcher. The spine and the overall immobilisation can al ...

See also:

Stretcher, Stretcher - Lifting and carrying devices, Stretcher - Other types of stretchers

Read more here: » Stretcher: Encyclopedia II - Stretcher - Lifting and carrying devices

In a prehospital setting, also called the "field", emergency medical technicians, paramedics, specialized nurses, and less trained providers known as 'first responders', use stabilization techniques to improve the chances of a trauma patient surviving the ambulance trip to the hospital. Professionals begin performing a primary survey, consisting of assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation (called the "ABC's"). The purpose of the primary survey is to identify life-threatening problems. Ensuring that the injured person is not di ...

See also:

Physical trauma, Physical trauma - Specialized care, Physical trauma - Care techniques, Physical trauma - Recent studies

Read more here: » Physical trauma: Encyclopedia II - Physical trauma - Care techniques

Since OA is the result of irreversible worn-out cartilage, the goal of treatment is to reduce the joint pain while at the same time, improving and maintaining the function of the joint. Osteoarthritis - Coping skills. No matter what the severity, or where the OA lies, conservative measures, such as weight control, appropriate rest and exercise, and the use of mechanical support devices are usually beneficial to sufferers. In the case of OA of the knees, knee braces, a cane, or a walker can be a helpful aid ...

See also:

Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis - Signs and symptoms, Osteoarthritis - Causes of disease, Osteoarthritis - Diagnosis, Osteoarthritis - Treatment, Osteoarthritis - Coping skills, Osteoarthritis - Dietary, Osteoarthritis - Systemic treatment, Osteoarthritis - Topical, Osteoarthritis - Surgery, Osteoarthritis - Other approaches, Osteoarthritis - Prognosis

Read more here: » Osteoarthritis: Encyclopedia II - Osteoarthritis - Treatment

Neurofibromatosis type I - Peripheral nervous system lesions. A neurofibroma is a mass lesion of the peripheral nervous system. Its cellular lineage is uncertain, and may derive from Schwann cells, other perineural cell lines, or fibroblasts. Neurofibromas may arise sporadically, or in association with NF-1. A neurofibroma may arise at any point along a peripheral nerve. A cutaneous neurofibroma manifests as a solitary or as multiple firm, rubbery bumps of varying sized on a person's skin. A solitary neuro ...

See also:

Neurofibromatosis type I, Neurofibromatosis type I - Genetics, Neurofibromatosis type I - Clinical findings, Neurofibromatosis type I - Peripheral nervous system lesions, Neurofibromatosis type I - Dermatologic manifestations, Neurofibromatosis type I - Central nervous system manifestations, Neurofibromatosis type I - Skeletal lesions, Neurofibromatosis type I - Cognitive problems and learning disabilities in NF1, Neurofibromatosis type I - Diagnosis, Neurofibromatosis type I - Prognosis, Neurofibromatosis type I - Complications, Neurofibromatosis type I - Therapy

Read more here: » Neurofibromatosis type I: Encyclopedia II - Neurofibromatosis type I - Clinical findings

Treatment for prostate cancer may involve watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, or some combination. Which option is best depends on the stage of the disease, the Gleason score, and the PSA level. Other important factors are the man's age, his general health, and his feelings about potential treatments and their possible side effects. Because all treatments can have significant side effects, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence, treatment discussions often focus on balancing the goals of the ...

See also:

Prostate cancer, Prostate cancer - The prostate, Prostate cancer - Symptoms, Prostate cancer - Pathophysiology, Prostate cancer - Epidemiology, Prostate cancer - Screening, Prostate cancer - Digital rectal examination, Prostate cancer - Prostate specific antigen, Prostate cancer - Confirming the diagnosis, Prostate cancer - Staging, Prostate cancer - Treatment, Prostate cancer - Watchful waiting, Prostate cancer - Surgery, Prostate cancer - Radiation therapy, Prostate cancer - Cryosurgery, Prostate cancer - Hormonal therapy, Prostate cancer - Palliative care, Prostate cancer - Prognosis, Prostate cancer - Prevention, Prostate cancer - History

Read more here: » Prostate cancer: Encyclopedia II - Prostate cancer - Treatment

Punches are covered by a separate article, see Punch (strike) Some alternative fist strikes are given below. Strike attack - Palm strike. Whether the hand is open or the fingertips are folded against the bottom knuckles, palm strikes hit with the bottom part of the palm, where the hand meets the wrist. The hand is held perpendicular to the wrist to avoid hitting the softer inner wrist tissue against the target. Many Chinese martial arts teach the Iron Palm, which in the hands of a trained practicioner, can send a more penetrating shock into the body. This percussive shock can disrupt the ...

See also:

Strike attack, Strike attack - Punches, Strike attack - Palm strike, Strike attack - Palm heel, Strike attack - Knife hand, Strike attack - Ridge hand, Strike attack - Hammerfist, Strike attack - Kicks, Strike attack - Knee, Strike attack - The dangers of fist strikes, Strike attack - Knuckle and finger damage, Strike attack - Wrist damage, Strike attack - Legal implications

Read more here: » Strike attack: Encyclopedia II - Strike attack - Punches

The Amber Spyglass - Brief and Introductory. This book deals with Lyra and Will's quest into the Land of the Dead to overcome death, the overthrow of The Authority by a force lead by Lord Asriel, the sealing of the passageways between the worlds by the angels, and the destruction of the Subtle Knife. Other plotlines in the novel involve Mrs. Coulter, Lyra's mother, as she goes on a self-employed mission to find out about Metatron, The Authority's Regent, ...

See also:

The Amber Spyglass, The Amber Spyglass - His Dark Materials, The Amber Spyglass - Adaptations, The Amber Spyglass - On Radio, The Amber Spyglass - Theatre, The Amber Spyglass - On Film, The Amber Spyglass - Plot Synopsis, The Amber Spyglass - Brief and Introductory, The Amber Spyglass - In High Detail

Read more here: » The Amber Spyglass: Encyclopedia II - The Amber Spyglass - Plot Synopsis

There are four cerebral ventricles: the paired lateral ventricles and the third and fourth ventricle. The two lateral ventricles are relatively large and C-shaped, roughly wrapping around the dorsal aspects of the basal ganglia. It is here within the embryo that the successive generation of neurons gives rise to the 6-layered structure of the neocortex, constructed from the inside out during development. They extend into the temporal lobe and occipital lobe via the ...

See also:

Ventricular system, Ventricular system - Ventricles, Ventricular system - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid, Ventricular system - Protection of the brain, Ventricular system - Role in disease, Ventricular system - Embryology

Read more here: » Ventricular system: Encyclopedia II - Ventricular system - Ventricles