spelling reform

For any word written in a language with whose alphabet or alphabet equivalent has two cases, such as those using the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, or Armenian alphabet, capitalization (or capitalisation) is the writing of that word with its first letter in majuscules (uppercase) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lowercase). Such words may also be said to be in title case, since traditionally most words in titles of books, films, etc. are capitalized. In Unicode, a few letters have a title case form, ...

Including:

• Capitalization - What to capitalize
• Capitalization - Pronouns
• Capitalization - Nouns
• Capitalization - Adjectives
• Capitalization - Others
• Capitalization - How to capitalise
• Capitalization - Headings and publication titles
• Capitalization - Compound names
• Capitalization - Accents
• Capitalization - Digraphs and ligatures
• Capitalization - Initial mutation

Read more here: » Capitalization: Encyclopedia - Capitalization

The differences in the spellings of British English and American English are as follows: Many of the differences were introduced into the United States by Noah Webster's dictionary; he was a strong proponent of spelling reform for a variety of reasons, both nationalistic and philosophical. There were many advocates of spelling reform in England as well, but the influences of those who preferred the Norman (or French) spellings of certain words proved decisive. Some of the changes in American spelling were largely phonemi ...

Including:

• American and British English spelling differences - Spelling and pronunciation
• American and British English spelling differences - Latin-derived spellings
• American and British English spelling differences - -our / -or
• American and British English spelling differences - -re / -er
• American and British English spelling differences - -ce / -se
• American and British English spelling differences - -xion / -ction
• American and British English spelling differences - Greek-derived spellings
• American and British English spelling differences - -ise / -ize
• American and British English spelling differences - -ogue / -og
• American and British English spelling differences - Simplification of ae æ and oe œ
• American and British English spelling differences - Common suffixes
• American and British English spelling differences - Miscellaneous spelling differences

Read more here: » American and British English spelling differences: Encyclopedia - American and British English spelling differences

Danish (dansk) belongs to the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages), a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 5.5 million people mainly in Denmark including some 50,000 people in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, where it holds the status of minority language. Danish also holds official status and is a mandatory subject in school in the former Danish colonies of Greenland and the Faroe Islands, that now enjoy limited autonomy. In Iceland ...

Including:

• Danish language - Classification and related languages
• Danish language - History
• Danish language - Geographical distribution
• Danish language - Dialects
• Danish language - Sound system
• Danish language - Vowels
• Danish language - Consonants
• Danish language - Grammar
• Danish language - Vocabulary
• Danish language - Numerals
• Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia - Danish language

Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a standardized dialect of the Malay language that was officially defined with the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, and the two languages remain quite similar. The language is spoken fluently as a second language by most Indonesians, who use a regional language (examples are Minangkabau and Javanese) at home and in their local community. Most formal education, as well as nearly all ...

Including:

• Indonesian language - History
• Indonesian language - Classification
• Indonesian language - Geographic distribution
• Indonesian language - Official status
• Indonesian language - Sounds
• Indonesian language - Grammar
• Indonesian language - Vocabulary
• Indonesian language - Writing system

Read more here: » Indonesian language: Encyclopedia - Indonesian language

H is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, this symbol is used to represent two sounds. Its lowercase form, [h], represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and its small capital form, [ʜ], represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative. H - History. The Semitic letter ח (khêt) probably represented the voic ...

Including:

• H - History
• H - Usage in English
• H - Usage in French
• H - Usage in German
• H - Alternative representations
• H - Computing
• H - Meanings for H

Read more here: » H: Encyclopedia - H

Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman and major philanthropist and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U. S. Steel. He is known for having, later in his life, given away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities in America and worldwide. Andrew Carnegie - Formative influences. Andrew Carnegie - The Carnegie family in Scotland. Andrew Carneg ...

Including:

• Andrew Carnegie - Formative influences
• Andrew Carnegie - The Carnegie family in Scotland
• Andrew Carnegie - Immigration to America
• Andrew Carnegie - Early career
• Andrew Carnegie - 1850-1860: A 'self made man'
• Andrew Carnegie - 1860-1865: Carnegie during the U.S. Civil War
• Andrew Carnegie - Postwar years 1865-1880: Carnegie the investor
• Andrew Carnegie - 1880-1890: Carnegie the scholar and activist
• Andrew Carnegie - Carnegie the industrialist
• Andrew Carnegie - 1885-1900: Building an empire of steel
• Andrew Carnegie - 1901: The formation of U.S. Steel
• Andrew Carnegie - 1901-1915: Carnegie the philanthropist
• Andrew Carnegie - Later personal life
• Andrew Carnegie - Controversial aspects of Carnegie's life
• Andrew Carnegie - 1892: The Homestead strike
• Andrew Carnegie - Carnegie and the Johnstown Flood
• Andrew Carnegie - Philosophy
• Andrew Carnegie - Writings
• Andrew Carnegie - Trivia

Read more here: » Andrew Carnegie: Encyclopedia - Andrew Carnegie

The Semitic letter ח (khêt) probably represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (IPA /ħ/). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence. The early Greek H stood for /h/, but later on this letter eta (Η, η) stood for /ɛ:/. In Modern Greek this phoneme fell together with /i/, similar to the English development ...

See also:

H, H - History, H - Usage in English, H - Usage in French, H - Usage in German, H - Alternative representations, H - Computing, H - Meanings for H

Read more here: » H: Encyclopedia II - H - History

Capitalization custom varies with language. The full rules of capitalization for English are complicated and have changed over time, generally to capitalize fewer terms; to the modern reader, an 18th century document seems to use initial capitals excessively. It is an important function of English style guides to describe the complete current rules. Capitalization - Pronouns. In English, the nominative form of the singular first-person pronoun, I, is capitalized, along with all its contraction ...

See also:

Capitalization, Capitalization - What to capitalize, Capitalization - Pronouns, Capitalization - Nouns, Capitalization - Adjectives, Capitalization - Others, Capitalization - How to capitalise, Capitalization - Headings and publication titles, Capitalization - Compound names, Capitalization - Accents, Capitalization - Digraphs and ligatures, Capitalization - Initial mutation

Read more here: » Capitalization: Encyclopedia II - Capitalization - What to capitalize

Andrew Carnegie - 1850-1860: A 'self made man'. Andrew Carnegie's education and passion for reading was given a great boost by one Colonel James Anderson, who opened his personal library of 400 volumes to working boys each Saturday night. Carnegie was a most persistent borrower. Andrew Carnegie was a "self made man" in the roundest possible sense insofar as it applied not only to his economic development but also to his intellectual and cultural development. His capacity and willingness for hard work, his perseverance, and ...

See also:

Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie - Formative influences, Andrew Carnegie - The Carnegie family in Scotland, Andrew Carnegie - Immigration to America, Andrew Carnegie - Early career, Andrew Carnegie - 1850-1860: A 'self made man', Andrew Carnegie - 1860-1865: Carnegie during the U.S. Civil War, Andrew Carnegie - Postwar years 1865-1880: Carnegie the investor, Andrew Carnegie - 1880-1890: Carnegie the scholar and activist, Andrew Carnegie - Carnegie the industrialist, Andrew Carnegie - 1885-1900: Building an empire of steel, Andrew Carnegie - 1901: The formation of U.S. Steel, Andrew Carnegie - 1901-1915: Carnegie the philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie - Later personal life, Andrew Carnegie - Controversial aspects of Carnegie's life, Andrew Carnegie - 1892: The Homestead strike, Andrew Carnegie - Carnegie and the Johnstown Flood, Andrew Carnegie - Philosophy, Andrew Carnegie - Writings, Andrew Carnegie - Trivia

Read more here: » Andrew Carnegie: Encyclopedia II - Andrew Carnegie - Early career

In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries. The dial ...

See also:

Danish language, Danish language - Classification and related languages, Danish language - History, Danish language - Geographical distribution, Danish language - Dialects, Danish language - Sound system, Danish language - Vowels, Danish language - Consonants, Danish language - Grammar, Danish language - Vocabulary, Danish language - Numerals, Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia II - Danish language - History

The English spelling system is one of the most irregular spelling systems in current use. Although French presents a similar degree of difficulty when encoding (writing), English is more difficult when decoding (reading). English has never had any formal regulating authority, like the Spanish Real Academia Española, Italian Accademia della Crusca or the French Académie française, so attempts to regularize ...

See also:

English spelling, English spelling - History of the English spelling system, English spelling - Irregularities in the English spelling system, English spelling - The state of English spelling

Read more here: » English spelling: Encyclopedia II - English spelling - Irregularities in the English spelling system

The most important change found in Middle French is the complete disappearance of the noun declension system (already under way for centuries). There is no longer a distinction between nominative and accusative forms of nouns, and plurals are indicated simply with an s. This transformation necessitates an increased reliance on the order of words in the sentence, which becomes more or less the syntax of modern French (although there is a continued reliance on the verb in the second position of a sentence, or "verb-se ...

See also:

Middle French, Middle French - History, Middle French - Literature

Read more here: » Middle French: Encyclopedia II - Middle French - History

The following is an outline of the major changes in Modern English compared to its previous form (Middle English). Note, however, that these are generalizations, and some of these may not be true for specific dialects: Modern English - Phonology. See the sound changes c.1600-1725 and sound changes c.1725-1900 sections of the history of the English language page. Modern English - Syntax. disuse of the T-V distinction (thou, etc). use of auxiliary ...

See also:

Modern English, Modern English - Outline of changes in Modern English, Modern English - Phonology, Modern English - Syntax

Read more here: » Modern English: Encyclopedia II - Modern English - Outline of changes in Modern English

Indonesian as a modern dialect of Malay has borrowed heavily from many languages, among others: Sanskrit, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and many other languages, including other Austronesian languages. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1000 Arabic (Persian and some Hebrew) ones, some 125 Portuguese (also Spanish and Italian) ones and a staggering number of some 10,000 loanwords from Dutch. The latter also comprises many words from other European languages, which came via Dutch, the so-called "International Vocabulary". The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from th ...

See also:

Indonesian language, Indonesian language - History, Indonesian language - Classification, Indonesian language - Geographic distribution, Indonesian language - Official status, Indonesian language - Sounds, Indonesian language - Grammar, Indonesian language - Vocabulary, Indonesian language - Writing system

Read more here: » Indonesian language: Encyclopedia II - Indonesian language - Vocabulary

In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects, Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was the same in the two countries. The d ...

See also:

Danish language, Danish language - Classification and related languages, Danish language - History, Danish language - Geographical distribution, Danish language - Dialects, Danish language - Sound system, Danish language - Vowels, Danish language - Consonants, Danish language - Grammar, Danish language - Vocabulary, Danish language - Numerals, Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia II - Danish language - History

American and British English spelling differences - -our / -or. Many words ending in -or in American English have an additional vowel, u, in Commonwealth English: -our. For example, in American English, one would use color, flavor, honor, whereas in Commonwealth English one would use colour, flavour and honour. In addition, American English uses "o" in derivatives and inflected forms such as favorite, savory, whereas this i ...

See also:

American and British English spelling differences, American and British English spelling differences - Spelling and pronunciation, American and British English spelling differences - Latin-derived spellings, American and British English spelling differences - -our / -or, American and British English spelling differences - -re / -er, American and British English spelling differences - -ce / -se, American and British English spelling differences - -xion / -ction, American and British English spelling differences - Greek-derived spellings, American and British English spelling differences - -ise / -ize, American and British English spelling differences - -ogue / -og, American and British English spelling differences - Simplification of ae æ and oe œ, American and British English spelling differences - Common suffixes, American and British English spelling differences - Miscellaneous spelling differences

Read more here: » American and British English spelling differences: Encyclopedia II - American and British English spelling differences - Latin-derived spellings

There are a number of distinctive written differences. Both languages have been reformed in recent decades, which has led to further divergence. Irish has no grave accent, only acute accents, while until recently Scottish Gaelic had both grave and acute accents. The recent spelling reform has meant that there are now only grave accents in Scottish Gaelic, the opposite of Irish. Another couple of features, also changed recently, were that "d" and "u" were common in Scottish Gaelic, wher ...

See also:

Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish, Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish - Written differences, Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish - Differences in vocabulary

Read more here: » Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish: Encyclopedia II - Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish - Written differences

Standard Danish (rigsdansk or rigsmål) is the language based on dialects spoken in and around the capital of Copenhagen. Unlike Swedish and Norwegian, Danish does not have more than one regional speech norm. More than 20% of all Danish speakers live in the metropolitan area and most government agencies, institutions and major businesses keep their main offices in Copenhagen, something that has resulted in a very homogeneous national speech norm. Though Oslo and Stockholm are quite dominant in terms of speech standards, cities ...

See also:

Danish language, Danish language - Classification and related languages, Danish language - History, Danish language - Geographical distribution, Danish language - Dialects, Danish language - Sound system, Danish language - Vowels, Danish language - Consonants, Danish language - Grammar, Danish language - Vocabulary, Danish language - Numerals, Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia II - Danish language - Dialects

Most Danish words are derived from the Old Norse language, with new words formed by compounding. A large percentage of Danish words, however, hails from Middle Low German (for example, betale = to pay, måske = maybe). Later on, standard German and French and now English have superseded Low German influence. Because English and Danish are related languages, many common words are very similar in the two languages. For example, the following Danish words are easily recognizable in their written form to English speakers: have, overSee also:

Danish language, Danish language - Classification and related languages, Danish language - History, Danish language - Geographical distribution, Danish language - Dialects, Danish language - Sound system, Danish language - Vowels, Danish language - Consonants, Danish language - Grammar, Danish language - Vocabulary, Danish language - Numerals, Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia II - Danish language - Vocabulary

Danish is written using the Latin alphabet, with three additional letters: æ, ø, and å, which come at the end of the Danish alphabet, in that order. A spelling reform in 1948 introduced the letter å, already in use in Norwegian and Swedish, into the Danish alphabet to replace the letter aa; the old usage still occurs in some personal and geographical names and old documents (for example, the name of the city of Ålborg is often spelled Aalborg). Aa is treated just like å in alphabetic ...

See also:

Danish language, Danish language - Classification and related languages, Danish language - History, Danish language - Geographical distribution, Danish language - Dialects, Danish language - Sound system, Danish language - Vowels, Danish language - Consonants, Danish language - Grammar, Danish language - Vocabulary, Danish language - Numerals, Danish language - Writing system

Read more here: » Danish language: Encyclopedia II - Danish language - Writing system