Speech processing

Commercial systems for speech recognition have been available off-the-shelf since the 1990s. Despite the apparent success of the technology, few people use such speech recognition systems on their desktop computers. It appears that most computer users can create and edit documents and interact with their computer more quickly with conventional input devices, a keyboard and mouse, despite the fact that most people are able to speak considerably faster than they can type. Using both keyboard and speech recognition simultaneously, however, can ...

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Speech recognition, Speech recognition - Classification, Speech recognition - Use, Speech recognition - Technical issues, Speech recognition - Market players, Speech recognition - For further information, Speech recognition - community and open-source resources, Speech recognition - telephony/server-side speech recognition

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A Helmholtz resonator is a container with an open hole or neck. It is sometimes used as a passive noise control device. It behaves essentially as a mass-spring-damper system, and its resonant frequency can be calculated as follows: f = resonant frequency s = speed of sound in air r = radius of neck a = area of neck l = length of neck L′ = effective length of neck L′ = l + 1.7r (outer end flanged) L′ = l + 1.4r (outer end unflanged) ...

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Acoustics, Acoustics - Sound pressure level SPL, Acoustics - Measurement methods, Acoustics - Reverberation and anechoic rooms, Acoustics - Helmholtz resonator, Acoustics - Rectangular boxes

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Such systems can be classified as to Whether they require the user to "train" the system to recognise their own particular speech patterns or not. Whether the system is trained for one user only or is speaker independent. Whether the system can recognise continuous speech or requires users to break up their speech into discrete words. Whether the system is intended for clear speech material, or is designed to operate on distorted transfer channels (e.g., cellular telephones) and possibly background noi ...

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Speech recognition, Speech recognition - Classification, Speech recognition - Use, Speech recognition - Technical issues, Speech recognition - Market players, Speech recognition - For further information, Speech recognition - community and open-source resources, Speech recognition - telephony/server-side speech recognition

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A text-to-speech system (or engine) is composed of two parts: a front end and a back end. Broadly, the front end takes input in the form of text and outputs a symbolic linguistic representation. The back end takes the symbolic linguistic representation as input and outputs the synthesized speech waveform. The naturalness of a speech synthesizer usually refers to how much the output sounds like the speech of a real person. The intelligibilit ...

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Speech synthesis, Speech synthesis - Overview of speech synthesis technology, Speech synthesis - History, Speech synthesis - Synthesizer technologies, Speech synthesis - Concatenative synthesis, Speech synthesis - Formant synthesis, Speech synthesis - Other synthesis methods, Speech synthesis - Front-end challenges, Speech synthesis - Text normalization challenges, Speech synthesis - Text-to-phoneme challenges, Speech synthesis - Speech synthesis markup languages

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A number of markup languages have been established for rendition of text as speech in an XML compliant format, the most recent being SSML proposed by the W3C which is in draft status at the time of this writing. Older speech synthesis markup languages include SABLE and JSML. Although each of these was proposed as a new standard, still none of them has been widely adopted. A subset of the Cascadi ...

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Speech synthesis, Speech synthesis - Overview of speech synthesis technology, Speech synthesis - History, Speech synthesis - Synthesizer technologies, Speech synthesis - Concatenative synthesis, Speech synthesis - Formant synthesis, Speech synthesis - Other synthesis methods, Speech synthesis - Front-end challenges, Speech synthesis - Text normalization challenges, Speech synthesis - Text-to-phoneme challenges, Speech synthesis - Speech synthesis markup languages

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Speech synthesis - Text normalization challenges. The process of normalizing text is rarely straightforward. Texts are full of homographs, numbers and abbreviations that all ultimately require expansion into a phonetic representation. There are many words in English which are pronounced differently based on context. Some examples: project: My latest project is to learn how to better project my voice. bow: The girl with the bow in her hair w ...

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Speech synthesis, Speech synthesis - Overview of speech synthesis technology, Speech synthesis - History, Speech synthesis - Synthesizer technologies, Speech synthesis - Concatenative synthesis, Speech synthesis - Formant synthesis, Speech synthesis - Other synthesis methods, Speech synthesis - Front-end challenges, Speech synthesis - Text normalization challenges, Speech synthesis - Text-to-phoneme challenges, Speech synthesis - Speech synthesis markup languages

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Long before modern electronic signal processing was invented, speech researchers tried to build machines to create human speech. Early examples of 'speaking heads' were made by Gerbert of Aurillac (d. 1003), Albertus Magnus (1198-1280), and Roger Bacon (1214-1294). In 1779, the Danish scientist Christian Kratzenstein, working at the time at the Russian Academy of Sciences, built models of the human vocal tract that could produce the five long vowel sounds (a, e, i, o and u). This was followed by the bellows-operated 'Acoustic-Mechanic ...

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Speech synthesis, Speech synthesis - Overview of speech synthesis technology, Speech synthesis - History, Speech synthesis - Synthesizer technologies, Speech synthesis - Concatenative synthesis, Speech synthesis - Formant synthesis, Speech synthesis - Other synthesis methods, Speech synthesis - Front-end challenges, Speech synthesis - Text normalization challenges, Speech synthesis - Text-to-phoneme challenges, Speech synthesis - Speech synthesis markup languages

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The study of linguistics can be thought of along three major axes, the endpoints of which are described below: Synchronic vs Diachronic: Synchronic study of a language is concerned with its form at a given moment; Diachronic study covers the history of a language or family of languages and structural changes over time. Theoretical vs Applied: Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Software engineers affect society by creating applications. These applications produce value for users, and sometimes produce disasters. List of software engineering topics - Applications. Software engineers build applications that people use. Applications influence software engineering by pressuring developers to solve problems in new ways. For example, consumer software emphasizes low cost, medical software emphasizes high quality, and Internet commerce software emphasizes rapid development. < ...

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List of software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Influence on society, List of software engineering topics - Applications, List of software engineering topics - Disasters, List of software engineering topics - Technologies and practices, List of software engineering topics - Software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Computer science topics, List of software engineering topics - Mathematics topics, List of software engineering topics - Life cycle phases, List of software engineering topics - Deliverables, List of software engineering topics - Business roles, List of software engineering topics - Management topics, List of software engineering topics - Business topics, List of software engineering topics - Community topics, List of software engineering topics - Pioneers, List of software engineering topics - Notable publications, List of software engineering topics - Professional topics, List of software engineering topics - Odds and ends, List of software engineering topics - Related fields, List of software engineering topics - Different languages, List of software engineering topics - Miscellaneous and to do

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Skilled software engineers use technologies and practices from a variety of fields to improve their productivity in creating software and to improve the quality of the delivered product. List of software engineering topics - Software engineering topics. Many technologies and practices are (mostly) unique to software engineering, though many of these are shared with computer science. List of programming languages Scripting Ada COBOL C C++ C# Fortran JavaSee also:

List of software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Influence on society, List of software engineering topics - Applications, List of software engineering topics - Disasters, List of software engineering topics - Technologies and practices, List of software engineering topics - Software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Computer science topics, List of software engineering topics - Mathematics topics, List of software engineering topics - Life cycle phases, List of software engineering topics - Deliverables, List of software engineering topics - Business roles, List of software engineering topics - Management topics, List of software engineering topics - Business topics, List of software engineering topics - Community topics, List of software engineering topics - Pioneers, List of software engineering topics - Notable publications, List of software engineering topics - Professional topics, List of software engineering topics - Odds and ends, List of software engineering topics - Related fields, List of software engineering topics - Different languages, List of software engineering topics - Miscellaneous and to do

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List of software engineering topics - Pioneers. Many people made important contributions to SE technologies, practices, or applications. John Backus: Fortran, first optimizing compiler, BNF Vic Basili: Experience factory. F.L. Bauer: Stack principle, originator of the term Software Engineering Kent Beck: Refactoring, extreme programming, pair programming, test-driven development. Tim Berners-Lee: World wide web Barry Boehm: SE economics, COCOMO, Spi ...

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List of software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Influence on society, List of software engineering topics - Applications, List of software engineering topics - Disasters, List of software engineering topics - Technologies and practices, List of software engineering topics - Software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Computer science topics, List of software engineering topics - Mathematics topics, List of software engineering topics - Life cycle phases, List of software engineering topics - Deliverables, List of software engineering topics - Business roles, List of software engineering topics - Management topics, List of software engineering topics - Business topics, List of software engineering topics - Community topics, List of software engineering topics - Pioneers, List of software engineering topics - Notable publications, List of software engineering topics - Professional topics, List of software engineering topics - Odds and ends, List of software engineering topics - Related fields, List of software engineering topics - Different languages, List of software engineering topics - Miscellaneous and to do

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List of software engineering topics - Related fields. Traditional engineering Computer engineering Electrical engineering Software engineering Domain engineering Information engineering Knowledge engineering User interface engineering Web engineering Arts and Sciences Mathematics Computer science Information science Application softwares ...

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List of software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Influence on society, List of software engineering topics - Applications, List of software engineering topics - Disasters, List of software engineering topics - Technologies and practices, List of software engineering topics - Software engineering topics, List of software engineering topics - Computer science topics, List of software engineering topics - Mathematics topics, List of software engineering topics - Life cycle phases, List of software engineering topics - Deliverables, List of software engineering topics - Business roles, List of software engineering topics - Management topics, List of software engineering topics - Business topics, List of software engineering topics - Community topics, List of software engineering topics - Pioneers, List of software engineering topics - Notable publications, List of software engineering topics - Professional topics, List of software engineering topics - Odds and ends, List of software engineering topics - Related fields, List of software engineering topics - Different languages, List of software engineering topics - Miscellaneous and to do

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Research currently performed under the name "linguistics" is purely descriptive; linguists seek to clarify the nature of language without passing value judgments or trying to chart future language directions. Nonetheless, there are many professionals and amateurs who also prescribe rules of language, holding a particular standard out for all to follow. Prescriptivists tend to be found among the ranks of language educators and journalists, and not in the actual academic discipline of linguistics. They hold clear notions o ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Whereas the core of theoretical linguistics is concerned with studying languages at a particular point in time (usually the present), diachronic linguistics examines how language changes through time, sometimes over centuries. Historical linguistics enjoys both a rich history (the study of linguistics grew out of historical linguistics) and a strong theoretical foundation for the study of language change. In American universities, the non-historic perspective seems to have the upper hand. Many introductory linguistics classes, for exa ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Theoretical linguistics is often divided into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently. The following divisions are currently widely acknowledged: Phonetics, the study of the sounds of human language Phonology (or phonemics), the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics), a ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

Read more here: » Linguistics: Encyclopedia II - Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics

Whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and describing generalities both within particular languages and among all languages, applied linguistics takes the results of those findings and applies them to other areas. Often applied linguistics refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but results of linguistic research are used in many other areas, as well. Many areas of applied linguistics today involve the explicit use of computers. Speech synthesis and speech recognition use phoneti ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Contextual linguistics is where the discipline of linguistics interacts with other academic disciplines. Whereas in core theoretical linguistics language is studied for its own sake, the interdisciplinary areas of linguistics consider how language interacts with the rest of the world. Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole. Critical discourse analysis is where rhetoric and philosophy interact with linguistics. Psycholinguistics and neu ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that spoken language is more fundamental, and thus more important to study than written language. Reasons for this perspective include: Speech appears to be a human universal, whereas there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication; People learn to speak and process spoken languages more easily and much earlier than writing; A number of cognitive scientists argue that the brain has an innate "language module", knowledge o ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

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Early scholars of linguistics include Jakob Grimm, who devised the principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation known as Grimm's Law in 1822, Karl Verner, who discovered Verner's Law, August Schleicher who created the "Stammbaumtheorie" and Johannes Schmidt who developed the "Wellentheorie" ("wave model") in 1872. Ferdinand de Saussure was the founder of modern structural linguistics. Edward Sapir a leader in American structural linguistics, was one of the first who explored the relations between language studies and anthropology. His me ...

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Linguistics, Linguistics - Dichotomies and language, Linguistics - Levels of theoretical linguistics, Linguistics - Diachronic linguistics, Linguistics - Applied linguistics, Linguistics - Contextual linguistics, Linguistics - Individual speakers language communities and linguistic universals, Linguistics - Prescription and description, Linguistics - Speech versus writing, Linguistics - Research areas of linguistics, Linguistics - Interdisciplinary linguistic research, Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought, Linguistics - Representation of speech, Linguistics - Narrower conceptions of linguistics

Read more here: » Linguistics: Encyclopedia II - Linguistics - Important linguists and schools of thought