Following on from the example, in algebraic geometry one studies algebraic sets, i.e. subsets of Kn (where K is an algebraically closed field) which are defined as the common zeros of a set of polynomials in n variables. If A is such an algebraic set, one considers the commutative ring R of all polynomial functions A → K. The maximal ideals of R correspond to the points of A (because K is algebraically closed), and the prime ideals ...

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Spectrum of a ring, Spectrum of a ring - Zariski topology, Spectrum of a ring - Sheaves and schemes, Spectrum of a ring - Functoriality, Spectrum of a ring - Motivation from algebraic geometry, Spectrum of a ring - External link

Read more here: » Spectrum of a ring: Encyclopedia II - Spectrum of a ring - Motivation from algebraic geometry

Today, much of the world wide web is stored as Hypertext Markup Language. Search engines are severely hampered by their inability to understand the meaning of published web pages. These limitations have created a movement called the Semantic web. In the past, many organizations that created custom database application used isolated teams of developers that did not formally publish their data definitions. These teams frequently used internal data definitions that were incompatible with other computer systems. This made Enterprise Appli ...

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Semantic spectrum, Semantic spectrum - Strategic Nature of Semantics, Semantic spectrum - Determining Location on the Semantic Spectrum

Read more here: » Semantic spectrum: Encyclopedia II - Semantic spectrum - Strategic Nature of Semantics

Fetal alcohol syndrome was named in 1973 by two dysmorphologists, Kenneth Lyons Jones and David W. Smith of the University of Washington Medical School in Seattle. They identified a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in eight unrelated children, of three ethnic groups, born to mothers who were alcoholics (Jones et al 1973, p. 1267). The pattern of malformations indicated that the damage was prenatal. News of the discovery was "shocking, and met at ...

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Naming of the syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Brain damage and facial defects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - When the brain damage occurs, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Other physical effects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Prevention

Read more here: » Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Encyclopedia II - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Naming of the syndrome

Although clinicians agree on the definition of full-blown fetal alcohol syndrome, there is no agreement on the clinical criteria or names for lesser forms of it. This has led to some confusion for clinicians and patients. The following definitions are used in the clinic of Dr. Sterling Clarren (Clarren in Streissguth and Kanter 2002, p. 46): FAS with a confirmed history of fetal alcohol exposure The definition of FAS is much the same as when the syndrome was first named. Diagnostic criteria include growth de ...

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Naming of the syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Brain damage and facial defects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - When the brain damage occurs, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Other physical effects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Prevention

Read more here: » Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Encyclopedia II - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Diagnostic criteria

Physical abnormalities are visible in children with FAS, though not in children with FAE. Generally, children with FAS have a smaller head circumference and low birth weight, and they may fail to thrive. Their facial features are distinctive and diagnostically significant, in that they are a sign of brain damage, although there may be brain damage without the visible facial effects. Dr. Sterling Clarren, one of the world's leading FASD researchers, of t ...

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Facial defects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Key physical features

Read more here: » Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Encyclopedia II - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Facial defects

Adaptive Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH) (as used in Bluetooth) improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding using crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. This sort of adaptive modulation is easier to implement with FHSS than with DSSS. Chirp modulation (chirp modulation) can be seen as a form of frequency-hopping that simply scans through the available frequencies in consecutive order. ...

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Frequency-hopping spread spectrum, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Military use, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Technical considerations, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Invented by a movie star, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Variations

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The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much wider than that required to transmit the same information using only one carrier frequency. However, because transmission only occurs on a small portion of this bandwidth at any given time, the effective interference bandwidth is really the same. Use of the Shannon limit shows that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) required for the carrier relative to the background decreases as a wider range of frequencies is used for transmission. It is even possible to have workable systems with negative SNRs (expressed in decibels), which correspond to ...

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Frequency-hopping spread spectrum, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Military use, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Technical considerations, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Invented by a movie star, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Variations

Read more here: » Frequency-hopping spread spectrum: Encyclopedia II - Frequency-hopping spread spectrum - Technical considerations

Craniofacial abnormalities are visible in children with FAS, though not in children with FAE. Generally, children with FAS have a smaller head circumference and low birth weight, and they may fail to thrive. Their facial features are distinctive and diagnostically significant, in that they are a sign of brain damage, although there may be brain damage without the visible facial effects. Common findings are mild to moderate microcephaly; small palpebral fissure lengths (palpebral fissures are the opening of the eyelids, measured from b ...

See also:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Naming of the syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Brain damage and facial defects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - When the brain damage occurs, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Other physical effects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Prevention

Read more here: » Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Encyclopedia II - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Brain damage and facial defects

During the first trimester, according to Dr. Sterling Clarren and Dr. Ann Streissguth, both of the University of Washington, alcohol interferes with the migration and organization of brain cells (Journal of Pediatrics, 92(1):64-67). Most of the clinical features of FAS (the facial and other visible deformities) are believed to be caused mainly during the 10th and 20th week (Early Human Development; 1983 Jul Vol. 8(2) 99-111). During the third trimester, damage can be caused to the hippocampus, which plays a role i ...

See also:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Naming of the syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Brain damage and facial defects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Diagnostic criteria, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - When the brain damage occurs, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Other physical effects, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - Prevention

Read more here: » Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Encyclopedia II - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder - When the brain damage occurs

Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Bowel disease. It has been claimed that up to fifty percent of children with autism experience persistent gastrointestinal tract problems, ranging from mild to moderate degrees of inflammation in both the upper and lower intestinal tract. This has been described as a syndrome, autistic enterocolitis, by Dr. Andrew Wakefield; this diagnostic terminology, however, has been questioned by medical experts. Constipation, often with overflow, or encopresis, is often ass ...

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Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Comorbid conditions, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Bowel disease, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Depression and anxiety disorders, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Fragile X syndrome, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Hyperactivity and attention abnormalities, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Mental retardation, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Neuroinflammation and immune disorders, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Nonverbal learning disorder, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Seizures, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Sensory problems, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Tuberous sclerosis, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Treatment concerns

Read more here: » Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders: Encyclopedia II - Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders - Comorbid conditions

...

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Radioteletype, Radioteletype - How it works, Radioteletype - Slow by modern standards, Radioteletype - Spectrum efficiency, Radioteletype - Primary users, Radioteletype - Pronunciation, Radioteletype - Spectrum usage

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The labels we are concerned with here generally seek to divide the autistic spectrum in two, based on how close the subject's behavior is to that of non-autistics. The more autistic group is referred to as "low functioning", having "Kanner syndrome", or (confusingly) simply "autistic". The group closer to non-autistic behaviour is referred to as "high functioning" or having "Asperger syndrome". Currently, DSM-IV contains two distinct autistic spectrum diagnoses: Asperger syndrome and autistic disorder. The main difference between the ...

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Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Background on functioning labels, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Political and social implications of the terms, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Controversy about the terms in the autism rights movement

Read more here: » Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum: Encyclopedia II - Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Background on functioning labels

A cheap but modern desktop computer using, for example, a Pentium 4 or Athlon 64 CPU, typically runs at a clock frequency in excess of 2 GHz and provides computational performance in the range of a few GFLOPS. Even some video game consoles of the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as the Gamecube and Dreamcast, had performance in excess of one GFLOPS (but see below). The original supercomputer, the Cray-1, was set up at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976. The Cray-1 was capable of 80 MFLOPS (or, according to another source, 138–250 MFLOPS). In fewer than 30 years since then, the computational ...

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FLOPS, FLOPS - The performance spectrum, FLOPS - FLOPS as a measure of performance, FLOPS - FLOPS GPUs and game consoles, FLOPS - cost of computing, FLOPS - Trivia

Read more here: » FLOPS: Encyclopedia II - FLOPS - The performance spectrum

A relatively cheap but modern desktop computer using, for example, a Pentium 4 or Athlon 64 CPU, typically runs at a clock frequency in excess of 2 GHz and provides computational performance in the range of a few GFLOPS. Even some video game consoles of the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as the Gamecube and Dreamcast, had performance in excess of one GFLOPS (but see below). The original supercomputer, the Cray-1, was set up at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976. The Cray-1 was capable of 80 MFLOPS (or, according to another source, 138–250 MFLOPS). In fewer than 30 years since then, the computational ...

See also:

FLOPS, FLOPS - The performance spectrum, FLOPS - FLOPS as a measure of performance, FLOPS - FLOPS GPUs and game consoles, FLOPS - Cost of Computing, FLOPS - Trivia

Read more here: » FLOPS: Encyclopedia II - FLOPS - The performance spectrum

While it is generally difficult for autistics of any kind to find services and accommodations, persons with an Asperger's label often have more difficulty finding services and accommodation for difficulties associated with autism, than those with a "low functioning" label. Because people with Asperger syndrome can often speak and write well, many laymen and professionals still consider them not to be severely autistic enough to need much support. In addition, some people (including many parents of autistic children described as low fu ...

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Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Background on functioning labels, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Political and social implications of the terms, Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Controversy about the terms in the autism rights movement

Read more here: » Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum: Encyclopedia II - Controversies about functioning labels in the autism spectrum - Political and social implications of the terms

The typical manifestation of exstrophy-epispadias complex is bladder everted through a midline lower abdominal wall defect widening of the pubic symphysis epispadias in males (dorsal cleft in the penis, exposing the urethral mucosa) bifid clitoris in females, with a short "urethral strip" indistinguishable from bladder mucosa. The spectrum of disease extends from spade penis and epispadias on one ...

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Bladder exstrophy, Bladder exstrophy - Pathogenesis, Bladder exstrophy - Spectrum of anomalies, Bladder exstrophy - Treatment, Bladder exstrophy - Prognosis

Read more here: » Bladder exstrophy: Encyclopedia II - Bladder exstrophy - Spectrum of anomalies

The Lyapunov spectrum can be used to estimate the rate of entropy production of the dynamical system. The inverse of the largest Lyapunov exponent is sometimes referred in literature as Lyapunov time, and defines the characteristic e-folding time. For chaotic orbits, the Lyapunov time will be finite, whereas for regular orbits it will be infinite. ...

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Lyapunov exponent, Lyapunov exponent - Definition, Lyapunov exponent - Basic properties, Lyapunov exponent - Significance of Lyapunov spectrum, Lyapunov exponent - Numerical calculation

Read more here: » Lyapunov exponent: Encyclopedia II - Lyapunov exponent - Significance of Lyapunov spectrum

These molecules have two degenerate modes of rotation (IB = IC, IA = 0). Since we cannot distinguish between the two modes, we need only one rotational quantum number (J) to describe the rotational motion of the molecule. The rotational energy levels () of the molecule based on rigid rotor model can be expressed as, where is the rotational constant of t ...

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Rotational spectroscopy, Rotational spectroscopy - Structure of Rotational Spectrum, Rotational spectroscopy - Resources

Read more here: » Rotational spectroscopy: Encyclopedia II - Rotational spectroscopy - Structure of Rotational Spectrum

The spectrum or Gelfand space of a commutative C*-algebra A, denoted Â, consists of the set of non-zero complex-valued *-homomorphisms on A. Elements of the spectrum are called characters on A. The spectrum is a subset of the unit ball of A* and as such can be given the weak-* topology. In terms of convergence of nets, this topology can be described as follows: a net {fk}k of elements of the spectrum of A converges to f if ...

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Gelfand representation, Gelfand representation - The model algebra, Gelfand representation - The spectrum of a commutative C*-algebra, Gelfand representation - Statement of the theorem, Gelfand representation - Applications, Gelfand representation - Commutative Banach algebras, Gelfand representation - Reference

Read more here: » Gelfand representation: Encyclopedia II - Gelfand representation - The spectrum of a commutative C*-algebra

To define a structure sheaf on Spec(R), we first define Df to be the set of all prime ideals P in Spec(R) such that f is not in P. {Df}f∈R is a basis for the topology of open sets. We define a sheaf on the Df by setting Γ(Df, OX)=Rf, the localization of R at the multiplicative system {1,f,f2,f3See also:

Spectrum of a ring, Spectrum of a ring - Zariski topology, Spectrum of a ring - Sheaves and schemes, Spectrum of a ring - Functoriality, Spectrum of a ring - Motivation from algebraic geometry, Spectrum of a ring - External link

Read more here: » Spectrum of a ring: Encyclopedia II - Spectrum of a ring - Sheaves and schemes

Notes: Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that the atmosphere is effectively opaque to higher frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges. The ELF, SLF, ULF, and VLF bands overlap the AF (audio frequency) spectrum, which is approximately 20–20,000 Hz. However, sounds are transmitted by atmospheric c ...

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Radio frequency, Radio frequency - Radio frequency spectrum, Radio frequency - Named frequency bands, Radio frequency - General, Radio frequency - Amateur radio frequencies, Radio frequency - IEEE US, Radio frequency - EU NATO

Read more here: » Radio frequency: Encyclopedia II - Radio frequency - Radio frequency spectrum

Infrared space telescopes such as Spitzer, IRAS, ISO and the forthcoming Herschel Space Observatory can observe across the almost all of the infrared spectrum. However, most infrared astronomy is still done at ground-based telescopes, and these are limited to observations through a small number of spectral "windows", at wavelengths where the Earth's atmosphere is transparent. The main infrared windows are listed below: Between these windows there are generally regions where infrared observations are more difficult or impossible from t ...

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Infrared astronomy, Infrared astronomy - Discovery, Infrared astronomy - Modern infrared astronomy, Infrared astronomy - Infrared technology, Infrared astronomy - Astronomers' infrared spectrum

Read more here: » Infrared astronomy: Encyclopedia II - Infrared astronomy - Astronomers' infrared spectrum