In contrast to the Black Legend is the so-called White Legend (in Spanish, "leyenda rosa", literally "rosy” legend). Advocates of the Black Legend postulate the existence of a White Legend comparable to the Black Legend in extension, influence and persistence in time. An easily refuted straw-man. White Legend is then invoked as a rhetorical device in discussions concerning the Black Legend. A White Legend with reference to the history of Spain is argued to have only been prominent during certain limited time periods such as, for example, during the Falang ...

See also:

Black Legend, Black Legend - Origin, Black Legend - The classic sources, Black Legend - The Enlightenment, Black Legend - Romantic travellers, Black Legend - Westward Ho!, Black Legend - Modern historiography, Black Legend - Black Legend in the United States of America, Black Legend - White Legend, Black Legend - Foot notes, Black Legend - Bibliography

Read more here: » Black Legend: Encyclopedia II - Black Legend - White Legend

Faced with wars against England, France, and the Netherlands, each led by extraordinarily capable leaders, already-bankrupted Spain was outmatched. Struggling with continuing piracy against its shipping in the Atlantic and the disruption of its vital gold shipments from the New World, Spain was forced to admit bankruptcy again in 1596. The Spanish attempted to extricate themselves from the several conflicts they were involved in, first signing the Treaty of Vervins with France in 1598, recognizing Henry IV (since 1593 a Catholic) as king of ...

See also:

Habsburg Spain, Habsburg Spain - The beginnings of the empire 1504-1521, Habsburg Spain - An emperor and a king 1521-1556, Habsburg Spain - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556-1571, Habsburg Spain - The troubled king 1571-1598, Habsburg Spain - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Habsburg Spain - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Habsburg Spain - The last Spanish Habsburgs 1643-1700, Habsburg Spain - Spanish society and the Inquisition 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - The Spanish bureaucracy 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - The Spanish economy 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - Spanish art and culture 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - See Also

Read more here: » Habsburg Spain: Encyclopedia II - Habsburg Spain - God is Spanish 1596-1626

Guillaume Thomas François Raynal published in 1770 his most important work, L'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (The philosophical and political history of the establishments and commerce of Europeans in the two Indies, that is to say the East Indies and the West Indies). Also during the Enlightenment, the imprisonment and death of Don Carlos, mentioned above, inspired the blank verse play Don Carlos, Infant v. Spanien (Don Carlos, Prince of Spain, 1787), by Friedrich Schiller, and la ...

See also:

Black Legend, Black Legend - Origin, Black Legend - The classic sources, Black Legend - The Enlightenment, Black Legend - Romantic travellers, Black Legend - Westward Ho!, Black Legend - Modern historiography, Black Legend - Black Legend in the United States of America, Black Legend - White Legend, Black Legend - Foot notes, Black Legend - Bibliography

Read more here: » Black Legend: Encyclopedia II - Black Legend - The Enlightenment

In the 19th Century, many writers, such as Washington Irving, Prosper Mérimée, George Sand, and Theophile Gautier, invented a mythical Andalusia. In their writings, Spain is converted into the Orient of the Western World (Africa begins in the Pyrenees), an exotic country full of brigands, economic delays, gypsies, ignorance, machismo, matadores, Moors, passion, political chaos, poverty and fanatical religiosity. From this literature, the figure of the Latin lover still survives. In classical music, Georges Bizet with Carmen (1875) and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov with ...

See also:

Black Legend, Black Legend - Origin, Black Legend - The classic sources, Black Legend - The Enlightenment, Black Legend - Romantic travellers, Black Legend - Westward Ho!, Black Legend - Modern historiography, Black Legend - Black Legend in the United States of America, Black Legend - White Legend, Black Legend - Foot notes, Black Legend - Bibliography

Read more here: » Black Legend: Encyclopedia II - Black Legend - Romantic travellers

Charles’s victory at the Battle of Pavia, 1525, surprised many Italians and Germans and elicited concerns that Charles would endeavor to gain ever greater power. Pope Clement VII switched sides and now joined forces with France and prominent Italian states against the Habsburg Emperor, in the War of the League of Cognac. In 1527, due to Charles' inability to pay them sufficiently his armies in Northern Italy mutineed and sacked Rome itself for loot, forcing Clement, and succeeding popes, to be considerably more prudent in their dealings wi ...

See also:

Habsburg Spain, Habsburg Spain - The beginnings of the empire 1504-1521, Habsburg Spain - An emperor and a king 1521-1556, Habsburg Spain - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556-1571, Habsburg Spain - The troubled king 1571-1598, Habsburg Spain - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Habsburg Spain - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Habsburg Spain - The last Spanish Habsburgs 1643-1700, Habsburg Spain - Spanish society and the Inquisition 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - The Spanish bureaucracy 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - The Spanish economy 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - Spanish art and culture 1516-1700, Habsburg Spain - See Also

Read more here: » Habsburg Spain: Encyclopedia II - Habsburg Spain - An emperor and a king 1521-1556

On July 21, 1542 Pope Paul III, with the Constitution Licet ab initio, established the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, staffed by cardinals and other officials whose task it was "to maintain and defend the integrity of the faith and to examine and proscribe errors and false doctrines". It served as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. In reaction to the excesses of the Spanish Inquisition, it was tightly controlled b ...

See also:

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Role, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - History, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Organization, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Recent opinions and publications, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Prefects, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Secretaries

Read more here: » Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith: Encyclopedia II - Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - History

The Inquisition Myth - Significant Works. The two most significant and extensively cited sources of the modern analysis concerning the conflicting histories over the inquisitorial proceedings are Inquisition (1988) by Edward Peters and The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision (1997) by Henry Kamen. These works focus on exposing and correcting the revisionist and misinterpreted histories that surround the inquisitions today. The following research is an attempt to present Peters’s and Kamen’s ideas by discussing some of the most popular and misguided op ...

See also:

The Inquisition Myth, The Inquisition Myth - Introduction, The Inquisition Myth - Significant Works, The Inquisition Myth - Understanding Inquisitions, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in France, The Inquisition Myth - Cathars & Waldensians, The Inquisition Myth - The Grand Program, The Inquisition Myth - The Albigensian Crusade, The Inquisition Myth - Codes & Torture, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in Spain, The Inquisition Myth - Anti-Semitism & The Conversos, The Inquisition Myth - A Bull is Granted, The Inquisition Myth - Procedure & Torture, The Inquisition Myth - The auto de fe, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in Italy, The Inquisition Myth - A Changing Italy, The Inquisition Myth - The Creation of the Holy Office, The Inquisition Myth - Heresies of the Italian Inquisitions, The Inquisition Myth - Evolution of the Holy Office, The Inquisition Myth - The Creation of The Inquisition, The Inquisition Myth - A Protestant Vision..., The Inquisition Myth - The Revolt of the Netherlands, The Inquisition Myth - Montanus, The Inquisition Myth - William of Orange, The Inquisition Myth - The Black Legend, The Inquisition Myth - The Enlightenment & Art, The Inquisition Myth - Resources

Read more here: » The Inquisition Myth: Encyclopedia II - The Inquisition Myth - Introduction

The Inquisition Myth - Anti-Semitism & The Conversos. Anti-Semitic attitudes increased all over Europe during the late thirteenth century and throughout the fourteenth century. England and France expelled their Jewish populations in 1290 and 1306 respectively (Peters 1988: 79). At the same time, Spain’s anti-Jewish sentiment steadily increased. This prejudice climaxed in the summer of 1391 when violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Spanish cities like Barcelona (Peters 1988: 82). These mob riots led to maj ...

See also:

The Inquisition Myth, The Inquisition Myth - Introduction, The Inquisition Myth - Significant Works, The Inquisition Myth - Understanding Inquisitions, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in France, The Inquisition Myth - Cathars & Waldensians, The Inquisition Myth - The Grand Program, The Inquisition Myth - The Albigensian Crusade, The Inquisition Myth - Codes & Torture, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in Spain, The Inquisition Myth - Anti-Semitism & The Conversos, The Inquisition Myth - A Bull is Granted, The Inquisition Myth - Procedure & Torture, The Inquisition Myth - The auto de fe, The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in Italy, The Inquisition Myth - A Changing Italy, The Inquisition Myth - The Creation of the Holy Office, The Inquisition Myth - Heresies of the Italian Inquisitions, The Inquisition Myth - Evolution of the Holy Office, The Inquisition Myth - The Creation of The Inquisition, The Inquisition Myth - A Protestant Vision..., The Inquisition Myth - The Revolt of the Netherlands, The Inquisition Myth - Montanus, The Inquisition Myth - William of Orange, The Inquisition Myth - The Black Legend, The Inquisition Myth - The Enlightenment & Art, The Inquisition Myth - Resources

Read more here: » The Inquisition Myth: Encyclopedia II - The Inquisition Myth - The Inquisitions in Spain

The university was founded as a "General School of the kingdom" by the Leonese king Alfonso IX in 1218 to allow the Leonese people to study at home without having to leave for Castile. In the reign of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen of Castile, the Spanish government was revamped. In spite of the launch of the Spanish Inquisition, expulsion of the Jews, and the conquest of Granada, there was a certain professionalization of the apparatus of the state. This involved the employment of letrados, lettered men, who we ...

See also:

University of Salamanca, University of Salamanca - History, University of Salamanca - External link

Read more here: » University of Salamanca: Encyclopedia II - University of Salamanca - History

Many of the details of the development of flamenco are lost in Spanish history. There are several reasons for this lack of historical evidence: The turbulent times of the people involved in flamenco culture. The Moors, the Gitanos and the Jews were all persecuted and expelled by the Spanish Inquisition at various points in time as part of the Reconquista. The Gitanos mainly had an oral culture. Their folk songs were passed on to new generations by repeated performances in their social community. Flamenco was fo ...

See also:

Flamenco, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco history, Flamenco - External link, Flamenco - Flamenco styles, Flamenco - Palos, Flamenco - Flamenco artists

Read more here: » Flamenco: Encyclopedia II - Flamenco - Flamenco history

The Marranos, who were constantly threatened and persecuted by the Inquisition, tried in every way to leave the country, either in bands or as individual refugees. Many of them escaped to Italy, attracted thither by the climate, which resembled that of the Iberian Peninsula, and by its kindred language. They settled at Ferrara, and Duke Ercole I d'Este granted them privileges, which were confirmed by his son, Alfonso I., to twenty-one Spanish Marranos, physicians, mercha ...

See also:

Marrano, Marrano - Types of Marranos, Marrano - Temporary Marranos, Marrano - In Spain, Marrano - Riots at Córdoba, Marrano - Introduction of Inquisition, Marrano - In Portugal, Marrano - Massacre at Lisbon, Marrano - Dispersion, Marrano - In France, Marrano - In Flanders

Read more here: » Marrano: Encyclopedia II - Marrano - Dispersion

Burning Times - From the Spanish Inquisition thorugh the last instnaces of persecution and witch killings. from circa 1000 Ce through the 17th century.

(See also: Burning Times, Pagan, Wicca Pagan Dictionary)

From the late 1400s to the early 1600s Moors (Iberian Muslims) were forced to convert from Islam to Catholicism. The Moriscos were expelled by the decree of 1610 from Spain to North Africa after being persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition. Prior to their forced conversion, the Moriscos were known as Mudejars, and were allowed to practice Islam among Christians with certain restrictions. The exact status of Mudejars depended on the capitulation pacts and the later decrees of the kings and Cortes. After the fall of Granada in 149 ...

See also:

Morisco, Morisco - Background, Morisco - Extended meaning

Read more here: » Morisco: Encyclopedia II - Morisco - Background

The many Marranos (in the Balearic Islands, Chuetas), who publicly professed Catholicism but privately adhered to Judaism during the Spanish Inquisition, and particularly after the Alhambra decree of 1492, are the most widely known crypto-Jews. Officially they were known as "New Christians," and there was considerable legislation directed against them in both Spain and Portugal and in their colonies, the chief activity of the ...

See also:

Crypto-Judaism, Crypto-Judaism - Europe, Crypto-Judaism - Chuetas, Crypto-Judaism - North America, Crypto-Judaism - Central South America and Caribbean

Read more here: » Crypto-Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Crypto-Judaism - Europe

Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born in Ghent in 1500, and raised in the County of Flanders. He abdicated in 1555, in favour of his son Philip II of Spain who was mainly interested in the Spanish side of the empire. Calvinism had been becoming prevalent in the Netherlands. On Assumption of the Virgin day in 1566 a small incident outside Antwerp cathedral started a massive riot by Calvinists, who stormed the churches to destroy statues and images of Catholic saints, which ...

See also:

Eighty Years' War, Eighty Years' War - Background to the War, Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests, Eighty Years' War - Taxation, Eighty Years' War - Protestantism, Eighty Years' War - Centralisation, Eighty Years' War - The war, Eighty Years' War - William the Silent, Eighty Years' War - Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht, Eighty Years' War - The fall of Antwerp, Eighty Years' War - French and English assistance, Eighty Years' War - The Truce, Eighty Years' War - War resumes, Eighty Years' War - Colonial theatre, Eighty Years' War - Peace, Eighty Years' War - Battles

Read more here: » Eighty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Eighty Years' War - Background to the War

Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born in Ghent in 1500, and raised in the County of Flanders. He abdicated in 1555, in favour of his son Philip II of Spain who was mainly interested in the Spanish side of the empire. Calvinism had been becoming prevalent in the Netherlands. On Assumption of the Virgin day in 1566 a small incident outside Antwerp cathedral started a massive riot by Calvinists, who stormed the churches to destroy statues and images of Catholic saints, which ...

See also:

Eighty Years' War, Eighty Years' War - Background to the War, Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests, Eighty Years' War - Taxation, Eighty Years' War - Protestantism, Eighty Years' War - Centralisation, Eighty Years' War - The war, Eighty Years' War - William the Silent, Eighty Years' War - Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht, Eighty Years' War - Battles Cities and Guerilla, Eighty Years' War - The fall of Antwerp, Eighty Years' War - French and English assistance, Eighty Years' War - The Truce, Eighty Years' War - War resumes, Eighty Years' War - Colonial theatre, Eighty Years' War - Peace, Eighty Years' War - Battles

Read more here: » Eighty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Eighty Years' War - Background to the War

Zaragoza was the scene of two famous martyrdoms: those of Saint Dominguito del Val, a choirboy in the basilica, and Pedro de Arbués, an official of the Spanish Inquisition. From 1013 to 1110 Zaragoza was one of the taifa kingdoms, independent Muslim states which emerged in the 11th century following the destruction of the Cordoban Caliphate. During the first three decades of this period, 1013-1046, the city was ruled by the Banu Tujibi. In 1046 they were replaced by the Banu Hud who ruled until t ...

See also:

Zaragoza, Zaragoza - Demography, Zaragoza - Lugares de interés, Zaragoza - History, Zaragoza - Future

Read more here: » Zaragoza: Encyclopedia II - Zaragoza - History

Eighty Years' War - William the Silent. In 1568, William I of Orange (William the Silent), stadtholder of the provinces Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, tried to drive the highly unpopular Alva from Brussels. He did not see this as an act of treason against Philip II, and his view is reflected in today's Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, in which the last lines of the first stanza read: den koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geëerd (I have always honoured the king of Spain). The Battle of Rh ...

See also:

Eighty Years' War, Eighty Years' War - Background to the War, Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests, Eighty Years' War - Taxation, Eighty Years' War - Protestantism, Eighty Years' War - Centralisation, Eighty Years' War - The war, Eighty Years' War - William the Silent, Eighty Years' War - Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht, Eighty Years' War - Battles Cities and Guerilla, Eighty Years' War - The fall of Antwerp, Eighty Years' War - French and English assistance, Eighty Years' War - The Truce, Eighty Years' War - War resumes, Eighty Years' War - Colonial theatre, Eighty Years' War - Peace, Eighty Years' War - Battles

Read more here: » Eighty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Eighty Years' War - The war

Eighty Years' War - William the Silent. In 1568, William I of Orange (William the Silent), stadtholder of the provinces Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, tried to drive the highly unpopular Alva from Brussels. He did not see this as an act of treason against Philip II, and his view is reflected in today's Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, in which the last lines of the first stanza read: den koning van Hispanje heb ik altijd geëerd (I have always honoured the king of Spain). The Battle of Rh ...

See also:

Eighty Years' War, Eighty Years' War - Background to the War, Eighty Years' War - Spanish interests, Eighty Years' War - Taxation, Eighty Years' War - Protestantism, Eighty Years' War - Centralisation, Eighty Years' War - The war, Eighty Years' War - William the Silent, Eighty Years' War - Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht, Eighty Years' War - The fall of Antwerp, Eighty Years' War - French and English assistance, Eighty Years' War - The Truce, Eighty Years' War - War resumes, Eighty Years' War - Colonial theatre, Eighty Years' War - Peace, Eighty Years' War - Battles

Read more here: » Eighty Years' War: Encyclopedia II - Eighty Years' War - The war

Shavei Israel is mostly known for its activities around the world in search for the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, most notably for its work with the Bnei Menashe. The group is also extensively involved with emerging communities in Spain, Portugal, South and Central America and Mexico, seeking people whose Sephardic ancestors were forced to convert to Catholicism during the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions in those lands. The descendents of these forced converts were known as Marranos, they are also known as crypto-Jews if they maintai ...

See also:

Shavei Israel, Shavei Israel - Goals, Shavei Israel - Activities, Shavei Israel - External link

Read more here: » Shavei Israel: Encyclopedia II - Shavei Israel - Goals

Puerto Rico is currently home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, around 3,000 Jews, supporting three synagogues: one each Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. Jews were prohibited from settling in Puerto Rico through much of its history; a few arrived during World War II, but the majority of the current population are descendants of Jews who fled from Cuba (once home to 15,000 Jews) after Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution in 1959. Like many former Spanish colonies founded soon after the Spanish Inquisition, there is some p ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Latin America, History of the Jews in Latin America - Argentina, History of the Jews in Latin America - Brazil, History of the Jews in Latin America - Mexico, History of the Jews in Latin America - Puerto Rico, History of the Jews in Latin America - Current populations

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Latin America: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Latin America - Puerto Rico

The new King Joseph was cheered initially by Spanish afrancesados ("Frenchified"), who believed that collaboration with France would bring modernization and liberty. An example was the abolition of the Spanish Inquisition. However, priesthood and patriots began an agitation among the populace, which became widespread after the French army's first examples of repression (Madrid, 1808) were presented, as fact, to unite and enrage the people against the invaders. The remaining ones were exiled to France following the departure of French ...

See also:

Peninsular War, Peninsular War - Progress of the war, Peninsular War - The guerrilla war, Peninsular War - Consequences in Portugal, Peninsular War - Consequences in Spain, Peninsular War - Major battles and sieges, Peninsular War - Personalities, Peninsular War - Spanish, Peninsular War - French, Peninsular War - British, Peninsular War - Portuguese, Peninsular War - Role of intelligence, Peninsular War - Media influence

Read more here: » Peninsular War: Encyclopedia II - Peninsular War - Consequences in Spain