Definition and meaning of Southern Manifesto:

Southern Manifesto

This document signed by 101 members of Congress from southern states in 1956 argued that the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka itself contradicted the Constitution.

(Source: Madrid Waddington High School )

Also see these pages:  American History, American History Sitemap, History, History Sitemap

See also:

Southern Manifesto, Southern Manifesto - Signatories

Read more here: » Southern Manifesto: Encyclopedia II - Southern Manifesto - Signatories

After the war, Smathers was elected to serve two terms in the United States House of Representatives, from 1947 to 1951. In 1950, he ran for the United States Senate against incumbent Claude Pepper, and was elected by a margin of over 60,000 votes. The race was marked by echoes of the Red Scare: Smathers repeatedly attacked Pepper for having communist sympathies, pointing out his pro-civil rights platform and campaign for universal health care. In 1956, Smathers signed "The Southern Manifesto", condemning the U.S. Supreme Cou ...

See also:

George Smathers, George Smathers - Early life, George Smathers - Political Career, George Smathers - Later life, George Smathers - Interesting facts

Read more here: » George Smathers: Encyclopedia II - George Smathers - Political Career

In 1991, Smathers gave a $20 million gift to the University of Florida library system, now known as the George A. Smathers Libraries. He later also gave a substantial $10 million gift to the University of Miami. Smathers resides in Miami Beach and is father to two sons John ('41-) and Bruce Smathers ('43-) (Florida Secretary of State '75-'78). ...

See also:

George Smathers, George Smathers - Early life, George Smathers - Political Career, George Smathers - Later life, George Smathers - Interesting facts

Read more here: » George Smathers: Encyclopedia II - George Smathers - Later life

Savannah College of Art and Design - Alumni. Mark Brooks, Comic book artist, currently employed by Marvel Comics Tomas Kalnoky, lead singer of Catch 22 and Streetlight Manifesto W. W. Law, civil rights activist Savannah College of Art and Design - Faculty. Larry Dixon, Professor of Photography, photographer; photographer of many album covers while working in Nashville. Denise Falk, Professor of Painting, painter. Gokhan Oza ...

See also:

Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah College of Art and Design - Facilities, Savannah College of Art and Design - Departments, Savannah College of Art and Design - Students, Savannah College of Art and Design - Events, Savannah College of Art and Design - Noted Alumni and Faculty, Savannah College of Art and Design - Alumni, Savannah College of Art and Design - Faculty, Savannah College of Art and Design - Quick Facts

Read more here: » Savannah College of Art and Design: Encyclopedia II - Savannah College of Art and Design - Noted Alumni and Faculty

Holland was elected in 1946 to the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Charles O. Andrews. Following the death of Senator Andrews in September 1946, Holland assumed his seat in the U.S. Senate. Re-elected in 1952, Holland defeated former U.S. Senator (and later U.S. Representative) Claude Pepper in the 1958 Democratic primary. Returned to the U.S. Senate in 1958, Holland was re-elected to a fourth and final term in 1964, defeating Republican Claude Kirk. At age 77, Holland announced in November 1969 that he would not seek re-election in 1970. Holland subsequently campaigned for fellow Polk County resident Lawton Chiles ...

See also:

Spessard Holland, Spessard Holland - Early Life and Education, Spessard Holland - World War I service, Spessard Holland - Early political career, Spessard Holland - Florida governor, Spessard Holland - As Senator, Spessard Holland - Retirement, Spessard Holland - Degress honors and affiliations, Spessard Holland - External link

Read more here: » Spessard Holland: Encyclopedia II - Spessard Holland - As Senator

Utah - Colleges and universities. Brigham Young University in Provo College of Eastern Utah in Price Dixie State College of Utah (formerly Dixie College) in Saint George LDS Business College in Salt Lake City Neumont University in South Jordan Salt Lake Community College in Salt Lake City Snow College in Ephraim Southern Utah University (formerly Southern Utah State College) in Cedar City University of Utah in Salt Lake City< ...

See also:

Utah, Utah - History of Utah, Utah - Early history, Utah - Mormon settlement, Utah - 20th century, Utah - Geography, Utah - Climate, Utah - Transportation, Utah - Demographics, Utah - Race and Ancestry, Utah - Religion, Utah - Age and Sex, Utah - Major population centers, Utah - Law and government, Utah - Politics, Utah - Utah constitution, Utah - Education, Utah - Colleges and universities, Utah - Cultural institutions and events, Utah - Professional sports teams, Utah - Miscellaneous information

Read more here: » Utah: Encyclopedia II - Utah - Education

August 2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December August 2003 - Events. See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Including:

August 2003 - Events
August 2003 - August 31 2003 August 2003 - August 30 2003 August 2003 - August 29 2003 August 2003 - August 28 2003 August 2003 - August 27 2003 August 2003 - August 26 2003 August 2003 - August 25 2003 August 2003 - August 24 2003 August 2003 - August 23 2003 August 2003 - August 22 2003 August 2003 - August 21 2003 August 2003 - August 20 2003 August 2003 - August 19 2003 August 2003 - August 18 2003 August 2003 - August 17 2003 August 2003 - August 16 2003 August 2003 - August 15 2003 August 2003 - August 14 2003 August 2003 - August 13 2003 August 2003 - August 12 2003 August 2003 - August 11 2003 August 2003 - August 10 2003 August 2003 - August 9 2003 August 2003 - August 8 2003 August 2003 - August 7 2003 August 2003 - August 6 2003 August 2003 - August 5 2003 August 2003 - August 4 2003 August 2003 - August 2 2003 August 2003 - August 1 2003
August 2003 - Events by month

Read more here: » August 2003: Encyclopedia - August 2003

A poll tax, head tax, soul tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). Such taxes were important sources of revenue for many countries into the 19th century, but this is no longer the case. There are several famous cases of poll taxes in history, notably a tax formerly required for voting in parts of the United States that was often designed to disenfranchise African Americans, Native Americans, and whites of non-British descent, as well as two taxes levied by John of Gaunt and Margaret Thatcher in the f ...

Including:

Poll tax - United States Poll tax - United Kingdom
Poll tax - The Community Charge
Poll tax - Canada

Read more here: » Poll tax: Encyclopedia - Poll tax

Born in Sumner, Missouri, he obtained a political science degree from the University of Arkansas in 1925. He later studied at Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Pembroke College graduating in 1928, and at George Washington University (studying law). In 1934, Fulbright was admitted to the bar in Washington, DC and became an attorney in the anti-trust division of the US Department of Justice. From 1936 until 1939, Fulbright was a lecturer in law at the University of Arkansas. In 1939 he was appointed president, making h ...

See also:

J. William Fulbright, J. William Fulbright - Early years, J. William Fulbright - Congressional career, J. William Fulbright - Post-Senate career

Read more here: » J. William Fulbright: Encyclopedia II - J. William Fulbright - Early years

As a member of the House during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's term in office, Kefauver distinguished himself from the other Democrats in Tennessee's congressional delegation, most of whom were conservatives, by becoming a staunch supporter of the President's New Deal legislation, particularly the controversial Tennessee Valley Authority. His progressive stances on the issues put Kefauver in direct competition with E.H. Crump, the former mayor of Memphis and the "boss" of the state's Democratic Party, when he chose to seek the Demo ...

See also:

Estes Kefauver, Estes Kefauver - Kefauver in Congress, Estes Kefauver - The Kefauver Committee, Estes Kefauver - Kefauver for President

Read more here: » Estes Kefauver: Encyclopedia II - Estes Kefauver - Kefauver in Congress

The conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865 led to the policy of Reconstruction, in which the Republican-controlled Federal government intervened to protect the rights conferred on black Americans by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution, as well as (upon their introductions) the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In almost-immediate response Southern legislatures, overwhelmingly dominated by Democrats, passed the black codes, which attempted to return freed slaves to bondage in ...

See also:

Jim Crow law, Jim Crow law - Early history, Jim Crow law - Twentieth century, Jim Crow law - The Name

Read more here: » Jim Crow law: Encyclopedia II - Jim Crow law - Early history

Holland was born in Bartow, Florida, the son of Benjamin Franklin and Virginia Spessard Holland, a teacher. He attended public schools, entering the Summerlin Institute (now Bartow High School) in 1909. After graduating magna cum laude from Emory College (currently Emory University) in 1912, Holland taught high school in Warrenton, Georgia for four years. In 1916, Holland began attending law school at the University of Florida in 1916. There he taught in the "sub-freshman department" (high school) of the university. He also became the ...

See also:

Spessard Holland, Spessard Holland - Early Life and Education, Spessard Holland - World War I service, Spessard Holland - Early political career, Spessard Holland - Florida governor, Spessard Holland - As Senator, Spessard Holland - Retirement, Spessard Holland - Degress honors and affiliations, Spessard Holland - External link

Read more here: » Spessard Holland: Encyclopedia II - Spessard Holland - Early Life and Education

The conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865 led to the policy of Reconstruction, in which the Republican-controlled Federal government intervened to protect the rights conferred on black Americans by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution, as well as (upon their introductions) the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In almost-immediate response Southern legislatures, overwhelmingly dominated by Democrats, passed the black codes, which attempted to return freed slaves to bondage in ...

See also:

Jim Crow law, Jim Crow law - Early history, Jim Crow law - Twentieth century, Jim Crow law - The Name, Jim Crow law - Pop Culture Implications

Read more here: » Jim Crow law: Encyclopedia II - Jim Crow law - Early history

Holland left office in January 1971. His activities were somewhat limited due to an increasingly severe heart condition, and Holland died of a heart attack at his Bartow home on November 6, 1971 at age 79. Several buildings and public facilities are named after Holland: The Spessard L. Holland Law Center, the administrative building at the University of Florida Law School The Holland Building in Tallahassee The Spessard Holland Golf Course, Park, and Community Center, in Melbourne Beach T ...

See also:

Spessard Holland, Spessard Holland - Early Life and Education, Spessard Holland - World War I service, Spessard Holland - Early political career, Spessard Holland - Florida governor, Spessard Holland - As Senator, Spessard Holland - Retirement, Spessard Holland - Degress honors and affiliations, Spessard Holland - External link

Read more here: » Spessard Holland: Encyclopedia II - Spessard Holland - Retirement

Throughout his life Holland was involved in multiple civic, fraternal, and collegiate institutions. He received several honorary degrees: Rollins College (Bachelor of Laws, 1941) Florida Southern College (Bachelor of Laws, 1941) Florida State University (Bachelor of Laws, 1941) Emory University (Bachelor of Laws, 1941) Florida State University (Bachelor of Laws, 1956) University of Miami in (Bachelor of Laws, 1962) University of Florida (Doctor of Comparat ...

See also:

Spessard Holland, Spessard Holland - Early Life and Education, Spessard Holland - World War I service, Spessard Holland - Early political career, Spessard Holland - Florida governor, Spessard Holland - As Senator, Spessard Holland - Retirement, Spessard Holland - Degress honors and affiliations, Spessard Holland - External link

Read more here: » Spessard Holland: Encyclopedia II - Spessard Holland - Degress honors and affiliations

On 17 May 1954 the Warren Court handed down a unanimous 9-0 decision which stated, in no uncertain terms, that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The 17 May, 1954 decision reversed the Court's previous decision in Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, (1899)*, which had specifically validated the segregation of public schools. Brown did not, however, result in the immediate desegregation of America's public schools, nor did it mandate desegregation of public accommodations, such as restaur ...

See also:

Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board of Education - Background, Brown v. Board of Education - The case, Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme Court review, Brown v. Board of Education - Local Outcomes, Brown v. Board of Education - The decision, Brown v. Board of Education - Social implications, Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown III, Brown v. Board of Education - Related cases, Brown v. Board of Education - Myths

Read more here: » Brown v. Board of Education: Encyclopedia II - Brown v. Board of Education - The decision

The Brown decision has not been without its critics. Notably, Justice Clarence Thomas (himself an African-American) writing in Missouri v. Jenkins (1995) argues that at the very least, Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts. Brown I did not say that "racially isolated" schools were inherently inferior; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation, not de facto segregation. Indeed, Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social-science research in order to announce the simple, ...

See also:

Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board of Education - Background, Brown v. Board of Education - The case, Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme Court review, Brown v. Board of Education - Local Outcomes, Brown v. Board of Education - The decision, Brown v. Board of Education - Social implications, Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown III, Brown v. Board of Education - Related cases, Brown v. Board of Education - Myths

Read more here: » Brown v. Board of Education: Encyclopedia II - Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms

On 17 May 1954 the Warren Court handed down a unanimous 9-0 decision which stated, in no uncertain terms, that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The 17 May, 1954 decision reversed the Court's previous decision in Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, (1899)*, which had specifically validated the segregation of public schools. Brown did not, however, result in the immediate desegregation of America's public schools, nor did it mandate desegregation of public accommodations, such as restaur ...

See also:

Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board of Education - Background, Brown v. Board of Education - The case, Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme Court review, Brown v. Board of Education - Local Outcomes, Brown v. Board of Education - The decision, Brown v. Board of Education - Social implications, Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown II, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown III, Brown v. Board of Education - Related cases, Brown v. Board of Education - Myths

Read more here: » Brown v. Board of Education: Encyclopedia II - Brown v. Board of Education - The decision

The Brown decision has not been without its critics. Notably, Justice Clarence Thomas (himself an African-American) writing in Missouri v. Jenkins (1995) argues that at the very least, Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts. Brown I did not say that "racially isolated" schools were inherently inferior; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation, not de facto segregation. Indeed, Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social-science research in order to announce the simple, ...

See also:

Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Board of Education - Background, Brown v. Board of Education - The case, Brown v. Board of Education - Supreme Court review, Brown v. Board of Education - Local Outcomes, Brown v. Board of Education - The decision, Brown v. Board of Education - Social implications, Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown II, Brown v. Board of Education - Brown III, Brown v. Board of Education - Related cases, Brown v. Board of Education - Myths

Read more here: » Brown v. Board of Education: Encyclopedia II - Brown v. Board of Education - Legal criticisms