South American Wars of Independence

In most of Latin America Creole (Spanish, criollo, Portuguese, crioulo) generally refers to people of unmixed Spanish or Portuguese descent born in the New World. In Brazil, though, the word is a pejorative slang for a black individual. Throughout the colonial history of Latin America, the Spanish caste system made distinction between criollos and the higher-ranking and governing peninsulares, despite both being of unmixed Spanish ancestry — the only distinction being that the latter wer ...

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Creole, Creole - Latin American Creole, Creole - Filipino Creoles, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole, Creole - Alaska Creole, Creole - Portuguese Creole, Creole - Caribbean creole

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19th century - Anthropology. Lewis H. Morgan Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: P ...

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Main articles: Timeline of invention#19th_century and Timeline of scientific discoveries#1800s Research became institutionalized at research universities such as the University of Berlin and at corporate laboratories such as Edison's Menlo Park which accelerated the rate at which discoveries and innovations were made. Department stores Epidemiology Mail order businesses Philology ...

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Note: The attack on Ferrol happened in sight of the Napoleonic wars in Europe, where the Spaniards were expected to take side with the French, as they did in the Battle of Trafalgar 1805. Ferrol was virtually impossible to blockade in the age of sail, as any strong westerly winds would take the blockading force away along the treacherous north coast of Spain where they had no safe haven. By contrast, British forces blockading Cadiz could seek refuge at Gibraltar, and those blockading the French naval port of Brest could seek re ...

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Ferrol Spain, Ferrol Spain - History, Ferrol Spain - Quotations, Ferrol Spain - British Novel, Ferrol Spain - Notable Galicians born in Ferrol, Ferrol Spain - Life Culture and Industry in Ferrol, Ferrol Spain - History of Galicia and Ferrol

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The English word creole apparently came from the French créole, which in turn came from Portugese croulo. This word, a derivative of the verb criar ("to raise"), was coined in the 15th century, in the trading and military outposts established by Portugal in West Africa and Cape Verde. It was originally applied to descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally. The word then spread to other languages, probably by the Portuguese slave traders who supplie ...

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Creole, Creole - Crioulos in Portuguese Africa, Creole - Spanish American Criollos, Creole - Brazilian Crioulos, Creole - Philippines Criollos, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles, Creole - Alaska Creoles, Creole - Caribbean Creoles, Creole - Indian Ocean Creoles

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The second son of Hugo de los Reyes Chávez and Elena Frías de Chávez (née Frías), Chávez was born in the town of Sabaneta, Barinas on July 28, 1954. Sabaneta is situated in Venezuela's Andean lowlands, with the Andes Mountains to the west and south. Both Chávez's mother and father were local schoolteachers there. His father, Hugo Sr., had dropped out of school after completing the sixth grade, but later qualified to teach primary school ...

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Early life of Hugo Chávez, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Family and ancestry, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Childhood 1954–1971, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Early childhood with parents, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Later childhood, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Life as a cadet 1971–1975, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Notes

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Geographically, South America is generally considered a continent forming the southern portion of the American landmass, south and east of the Panama Canal transecting the Isthmus of Panama. Depending on source, South and North America are sometimes considered a single continent or supercontinent, while constituent regions are infrequently considered subcontinents. Geopolitically, all of Panama – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is often considered a part of North America alone ...

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South America, South America - Geography, South America - History, South America - Chavín, South America - Inca, South America - European colonization, South America - Independence, South America - Recent history, South America - Economy, South America - Culture, South America - People, South America - Mestizos, South America - African ancestry, South America - Territories and divisions, South America - Clarification

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As of 2002, South America's unemployment rate was 10.8 %. Due to histories of high inflation in nearly all South American countries, interest rates and thus investment remain high and low, respectively. Interest rates are usually double that of the United States. For example, interest rates are about 22 % in Venezuela and 23 % in Suriname. The exception is Chile, which had a head start from 1973 under Augusto Pinochet. The South American Community of Nations is a planned continent-wide free trade zone to unite two existing free-trade organizat ...

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South America, South America - Geography, South America - History, South America - Chavín, South America - Inca, South America - European colonization, South America - Independence, South America - Recent history, South America - Economy, South America - Culture, South America - People, South America - Mestizos, South America - African ancestry, South America - Territories and divisions, South America - Clarification

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During the colonial era of the Philippines, the term Spanish term criollo was used with the same sense as in Latin America, namely person born in the Philippines with wholly Spanish ancestry. However, the term was not widely used. Those people were called also insulares ("from the islands"), to contrast them with the higher-ranking peninsulares born in (Iberian) Peninsula. However, the most comm ...

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Creole, Creole - Crioulos in Portuguese Africa, Creole - Spanish American Criollos, Creole - Brazilian Crioulos, Creole - Philippines Criollos, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles, Creole - Alaska Creoles, Creole - Caribbean Creoles, Creole - Indian Ocean Creoles

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In Spanish-speaking Latin America, the word criollo (cognate and closest equivalent of English Creole) generally refers to people of unmixed Spanish descent born in the New World. Throughout thecolonial period, a caste system was effectively in force, where the local-born criollos ranked strictly lower than governing peninsulares ("born in the Iberian Peninsula"), despite both being of unmixed Spanish ancestry. By the 19th century, this discrimination eventually led the criollo to rebel ...

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Creole, Creole - Crioulos in Portuguese Africa, Creole - Spanish American Criollos, Creole - Brazilian Crioulos, Creole - Philippines Criollos, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles, Creole - Alaska Creoles, Creole - Caribbean Creoles, Creole - Indian Ocean Creoles

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In Brazil, the word crioulo for some reason came to mean dark skinned person, that is, a person of predominantly African ancestry. African slaves were imported into the country from the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. Due to their multiple ethnic roots and to the extension of the country, the Brazilian slaves and their descendants did not constitute a cohesive ethnic group. On the other hand, as in the Portuguese colonies in Africa, people of mixed Portuguese and African ancestry soon came to constitute a large segment of the population, in which there were no sha ...

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Creole, Creole - Crioulos in Portuguese Africa, Creole - Spanish American Criollos, Creole - Brazilian Crioulos, Creole - Philippines Criollos, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles, Creole - Alaska Creoles, Creole - Caribbean Creoles, Creole - Indian Ocean Creoles

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Aside from his regular studies in college, Chávez also read history books and debated politics with fellow cadets. Between 1971 and 1973, a group of Panamanian military cadets came to Chávez's academy. From them, Chávez first learned of Panama's leader, Omar Torrijos, and the recent leftist Panamanian revolution. Chávez's curiosity was piqued by Torrijos' efforts to regain control of both the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Zone from its traditional owner, the United States government. Thereafter, Chávez looked at Torrijos as a mod ...

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Early life of Hugo Chávez, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Family and ancestry, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Childhood 1954–1971, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Early childhood with parents, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Later childhood, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Life as a cadet 1971–1975, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Notes

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See also List of Spanish language authors List of Hispanics - A–D. Juan Ruiz de Alarcón (1581?–1639), dramatist. Rafael Alberti (1902–1999), poet, Cervantes Prize Laureate (1983). Vicente Aleixandre (1888–1984), poet, Nobel Prize Laureate (1977). Mateo Alemán (1547–c.1609), novelist. Isabel Allende (b. 1942), best selling novelist. Dámaso Alonso (1898–1990), poet, Cervantes Prize Laure ...

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List of Hispanics, List of Hispanics - Actors, List of Hispanics - Artists, List of Hispanics - Architects, List of Hispanics - Explorers, List of Hispanics - Film directors, List of Hispanics - Leaders and politicians, List of Hispanics - Literature, List of Hispanics - A–D, List of Hispanics - E–H, List of Hispanics - I–L, List of Hispanics - M–P, List of Hispanics - Q–T, List of Hispanics - U–Z, List of Hispanics - Military, List of Hispanics - Musicians, List of Hispanics - Classical, List of Hispanics - Singers, List of Hispanics - Philosophers and humanists, List of Hispanics - Science and technology, List of Hispanics - Social scientists, List of Hispanics - Sports, List of Hispanics - Others, List of Hispanics - Lists by nationality

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For the rest of the world, there were few places not influenced by the West in some fashion, whether through colonialism, imperialism, or war. European powers gained increasing influence in China, where Qing control had weakened, and wars were fought by the western powers against China, such as the first and the second Opium wars and Sino-French War. Japan, which was forcibly opened to Western trade, began a rapid industrialisation. The Russian Empire began expanding into Central Asia, where there was rivalry between the Russians and the British in India, in what is known as The Great Game, as the British ...

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19th century - 1800s. 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.See also:

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19th century - Anthropology. Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: Paul Cezanne Eugà ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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The United States began expansion across the North American Continent, beginning with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This expansion was asserted to be the Manifest Destiny of the country. This was accompanied by the subjugation and dispersal of Native Americans. The expansion was accelerated by the building of transcontinental railroads, and growing numbers of immigrants. On January 24, 1848, gold was discovered in California, leading to the largest of many gold and silver "rushes" throught the century. Millions of people flocked to mines a ...

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People of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry that Portuguese had contact since the 15th century, and who spoke a Portuguese Creole language. Mixed Portuguese and African ancestry. Guinea-Bissau Creole (Crioulo) Ziguinchor Creole (Fijus di Terra, Fijus di Fidalgu, Portuguis) Capeverdian Creole (Crioulo) São Tomean Creole (Crioulo, Forro) Mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry. Chinese Creole (Filhos di Macau, Macanese) Malay Creole (Portuguese-Malay, Gente Kristang or Cristão) Indian Creole (Portuguese-Indian) ...

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Creole, Creole - Latin American Creole, Creole - Filipino Creoles, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole, Creole - Alaska Creole, Creole - Portuguese Creole, Creole - Caribbean creole

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Chávez is the most prominent exponent of Bolivarianism, which in turn functions as the root ideology of the Bolivarian Revolution. Chávez has in his speeches listed a number of ideological streams that he sees as having contributed significantly to Bolivarianism. Most notable of these are the ideas of Noam Chomsky and his libertarian socialist and anarcho-syndicalist sympathies. Bolivarianism's vehement opposition to corporate state globalism and endorsemen ...

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Bolivarian Revolution, Bolivarian Revolution - Ideology, Bolivarian Revolution - Components of Chávez's Bolivarianism, Bolivarian Revolution - Historical development into a democratic socialist movement, Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Market socialist aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Results, Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic, Bolivarian Revolution - Foreign, Bolivarian Revolution - General links, Bolivarian Revolution - Notes

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Subsequent to the 2002 coup attempt, the attempted lockout by Venezuela's oil industry, and an unsuccessful and internationally verified 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum on Chávez's presidency, political and social policies and developments popularly associated with the Bolivarian Revolution began to accelerate in development and number, and involved increased participation by the Venezuelan poor. Following the example of the Cuban Revolution, Chávez began to organize Bolivarian Circles in communities all over Venezuela with the purpose o ...

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Bolivarian Revolution, Bolivarian Revolution - Ideology, Bolivarian Revolution - Components of Chávez's Bolivarianism, Bolivarian Revolution - Historical development into a democratic socialist movement, Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Market socialist aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Results, Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic, Bolivarian Revolution - Foreign, Bolivarian Revolution - General links, Bolivarian Revolution - Notes

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Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic. The profound changes brought about by the Bolivarian Revolution have radically altered the economic and cultural landscape of Venezuela. Most notably, although recent economic activity under Chávez has been robust[1], per-capita GDP in 2004 has dropped over 25% from 1998 levels. There have also, as of September 2005, been significant drops since 1999 in both unemployme ...

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Bolivarian Revolution, Bolivarian Revolution - Ideology, Bolivarian Revolution - Components of Chávez's Bolivarianism, Bolivarian Revolution - Historical development into a democratic socialist movement, Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Market socialist aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Results, Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic, Bolivarian Revolution - Foreign, Bolivarian Revolution - General links, Bolivarian Revolution - Notes

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