South American Wars of Independence

Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808-1814, Latin America was in these years ruled by independent juntas. These provisional governments claimed allegiance to the Bourbon king in exile, Ferdinand VII, but in practice operated independently. One of the most influential leaders in the Wars of Independence was Simón Bolívar, known as "the Liberator". Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Bolívar was able to promote his personal vision of South America powerfully enough to gather and direct the ef ...

See also:

South American Wars of Independence, South American Wars of Independence - Spanish Colonies, South American Wars of Independence - Brazil, South American Wars of Independence - After the wars

Read more here: » South American Wars of Independence: Encyclopedia II - South American Wars of Independence - Spanish Colonies

Ribas was born the youngest of eleven children borne of distinguished and elite family resident in Caracas. At a young age he wedded Josefa Palacios, the aunt of yet another renowned and celebrated Venezuelan and South American statesman and revolutionary — Simón Bolívar. Ribas commenced his political activities on 19 April 1810, when he began urging his neighbors and friends to involve themselves in the movement to liberate Venezuela from ...

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José Felix Ribas, José Felix Ribas - Early life and the Campaña Admirable, José Felix Ribas - Capture and death after Urica and Maturín, José Felix Ribas - Legacy

Read more here: » José Felix Ribas: Encyclopedia II - José Felix Ribas - Early life and the Campaña Admirable

The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering). Historians sometimes define a "Nineteenth Century" historical era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War); alternatively, Eric Hobsbawm defined the "Long Nineteenth Century" as spanning the years 1789 to 1914. During this century, the Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman empires began to crumble and the Holy Roman and Mughal empires ceased. Following t ...

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The Bolivarian Revolution is an ongoing mass social movement and political process active in Venezuela; its most prominent leader is Hugo Chávez, who is the leader of the Movement for the Fifth Republic and the current President of Venezuela. The Bolivarian Revolution seeks the implementation of Bolivarianism in Venezuela. Proponents of Bolivarianism trace its roots to an avowedly democratic socialist interpretation of the ideals of Simón Bolívar, an early 19th century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader, prominent i ...

Including:

• Bolivarian Revolution - Ideology
• Bolivarian Revolution - Components of Chávez's Bolivarianism
• Bolivarian Revolution - Historical development into a democratic socialist movement
• Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects
• Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects
• Bolivarian Revolution - Market socialist aspects
• Bolivarian Revolution - Results
• Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic
• Bolivarian Revolution - Foreign
• Bolivarian Revolution - General links
• Bolivarian Revolution - Notes

Read more here: » Bolivarian Revolution: Encyclopedia - Bolivarian Revolution

The term War of Independence is generally used to describe a war occurring over a territory that has declared independence. Once the state that previously held the territory sends in military forces to assert its sovereignty or the native population clashes with the former occupier, a separatist rebellion has begun. If a new state is successfully established, the conflict is subsequently known as a war of independence. Examples include: Algerian War of Independence American War of Independence Ang

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Caudillo is a Spanish (caudilho in Portuguese) word designating "a politico-military leader at the head of an authoritative power". The related caudillismo is a cultural phenomenon that first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and enough of a populist program of generic future reforms to gain broad sympathy, at least at the outset, among the common people. Effective

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The term Creole is used with different meanings in different contexts, which can generate confusion. Generally it refers to a people or a culture that is distinctive or local to a region, but with various additional shades of meaning. Creole - Latin American Creole. In most of Latin America Creole (Spanish, criollo, Portuguese, crioulo) generally refers to people of unmixed Spanish or Portuguese descent born in the New World. In Brazil, though, the word is a ...

Including:

• Creole - Latin American Creole
• Creole - Filipino Creoles
• Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole
• Creole - Alaska Creole
• Creole - Portuguese Creole
• Creole - Caribbean creole

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In 1820 his misrule provoked a revolt in favor of the Constitution of 1812 which began with a mutiny of the troops under Col. Rafael Riego and the king was quickly made prisoner. He grovelled to the insurgents as he had done to his parents. Ferdinand had restored the Jesuits upon his return; now the Society had become identified with repression and absolutism among the liberals, who attacked them: twenty-five Jesuits were slain in Madrid in 1822. For the rest of the 19th century, expulsions and re-establishment of the Jesuits would continue to be touchmar ...

See also:

Ferdinand VII of Spain, Ferdinand VII of Spain - Revolt, Ferdinand VII of Spain - Marriages and Children, Ferdinand VII of Spain - Assessment of the Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

Read more here: » Ferdinand VII of Spain: Encyclopedia II - Ferdinand VII of Spain - Revolt

In this context the word refers to people of any race or mixture thereof who are descended from settlers in colonial Louisiana before it became part of the USA in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase, or to the culture and cuisine typical of these people. Some writers from other parts of the USA have mistakenly assumed the term to refer only to people of mixed racial descent, but this is not the traditional Louisiana usage. In fact some locals, especially those of relatively pure Spanish and French Creole descent, have often argued that the trad ...

See also:

Creole, Creole - Crioulos in Portuguese Africa, Creole - Spanish American Criollos, Creole - Brazilian Crioulos, Creole - Philippines Criollos, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles, Creole - Alaska Creoles, Creole - Caribbean Creoles, Creole - Indian Ocean Creoles

Read more here: » Creole: Encyclopedia II - Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creoles

South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration across the southern Pacific Ocean. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continent. By the first millennium CE, South America’s vast rainforests, mountains, plains, mountain and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people.See also:

History of South America, History of South America - Pre-Columbian era, History of South America - Amazon, History of South America - Norte Chico, History of South America - Chavín, History of South America - Moche, History of South America - Inca, History of South America - European colonization, History of South America - Independence, History of South America - Recent history, History of South America - Notes

Read more here: » History of South America: Encyclopedia II - History of South America - Pre-Columbian era

List of Hispanics - Architects. Luis Barragán (1902–1988), 1980 Pritzker Prize Laureate. Ricardo Bofill (b. 1939), one of the main representatives of postmodern architecture. Santiago Calatrava (b. 1951), 2005 AIA Gold Medal Laureate. Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), known for his unfinished masterwork La Sagrada Familia. Ricardo Legorreta (b. 1931) Enric Miralles (1955–2000), built the Scottish Parliament ( ...

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List of Hispanics, List of Hispanics - Actors, List of Hispanics - Artists, List of Hispanics - Architects, List of Hispanics - Explorers, List of Hispanics - Film directors, List of Hispanics - Leaders and politicians, List of Hispanics - Literature, List of Hispanics - A–D, List of Hispanics - E–H, List of Hispanics - I–L, List of Hispanics - M–P, List of Hispanics - Q–T, List of Hispanics - U–Z, List of Hispanics - Military, List of Hispanics - Musicians, List of Hispanics - Classical, List of Hispanics - Singers, List of Hispanics - Philosophers and humanists, List of Hispanics - Science and technology, List of Hispanics - Social scientists, List of Hispanics - Sports, List of Hispanics - Others, List of Hispanics - Lists by nationality

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South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration from the southern Pacific Ocean. South America - Chavín. The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC. ...

See also:

South America, South America - Geography, South America - History, South America - Chavín, South America - Inca, South America - European colonization, South America - Independence, South America - Recent history, South America - Economy, South America - Culture, South America - People, South America - Mestizos, South America - African ancestry, South America - Territories and divisions, South America - Clarification

Read more here: » South America: Encyclopedia II - South America - History

In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814, Norway left Danish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 19th century: Encyclopedia II - 19th century - Europe

In 1801, the Irish parliament voted to merge Ireland with England, thus creating the United Kingdom. Ireland remained under total British control until 1922, when the majority of the Irish counties, and the majority of the Irish population, broke away from England, forming the Irish Free State. The northern counties remained loyal to British control, and to this day remain separate from the rest of Ireland as Northern Ireland. On May 17th, 1814 Norway left Swedish control and declared independence. It was forced, however, to continue ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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Early life of Hugo Chávez - Early childhood with parents. Chávez grew up in a small house composed of large palm leaves constructed over a bare dirt floor. His family lived in a small village just outside of Sabaneta. Chávez and his siblings were urged by his parents to embrace education as a way of escaping their rural surroundings and attain better lives in the more prosperous cities. Chávez's mother wanted him to become a Catholic priest, and so he was made to serve as an altar boy for one year. One of his ...

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Early life of Hugo Chávez, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Family and ancestry, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Childhood 1954–1971, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Early childhood with parents, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Later childhood, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Life as a cadet 1971–1975, Early life of Hugo Chávez - Notes

Read more here: » Early life of Hugo Chávez: Encyclopedia II - Early life of Hugo Chávez - Childhood 1954–1971

In this context the word refers to people of any race or mixture thereof who are descended from settlers in colonial Louisiana before it became part of the USA in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase, or to the culture and cuisine typical of these people. Some writers from other parts of the USA have mistakenly assumed the term to refer only to people of mixed racial descent, but this is not the traditional Louisiana usage. In fact some locals, especially those of pure Spanish and French Creole descent, have often argued that the traditional usa ...

See also:

Creole, Creole - Latin American Creole, Creole - Filipino Creoles, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole, Creole - Alaska Creole, Creole - Portuguese Creole, Creole - Caribbean creole

Read more here: » Creole: Encyclopedia II - Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole

After various local dominations [1], Henry II gave the town to the Andrade family. [2]. It was only considered a safe harbour under the House of Austria, [3]but became a leading naval centre under the Bourbons. For the first time the immense strategic importance of the port of Ferrol came to be understood and it was made Capital of the Maritime Department of the North, formed under Ferdinand VI and Charles III for the defence of the Spanish Colonial Empire in America. Rapid and well planned improvements followed and the position of Ferrol wa ...

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Ferrol Spain, Ferrol Spain - History, Ferrol Spain - Quotations, Ferrol Spain - British Novel, Ferrol Spain - Notable Galicians born in Ferrol, Ferrol Spain - Life Culture and Industry in Ferrol, Ferrol Spain - History of Galicia and Ferrol

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South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering Land Bridge, now the Bering strait, though there are also suggestions of migration from the southern Pacific Ocean. South America - Chavín. The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,17 ...

See also:

South America, South America - Geography, South America - History, South America - Chavín, South America - Inca, South America - European colonization, South America - Independence, South America - Recent history, South America - Economy, South America - Culture, South America - People, South America - Mestizos, South America - African ancestry, South America - Territories and divisions, South America - Clarification

Read more here: » South America: Encyclopedia II - South America - History

Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects. Missions of the Bolivarian Revolution Barrio Adentro Plan Bolivar 2000 Hábitat Mercal Ribas Sucre Robinson I Robinson II Guaicaipuro Identidad Miranda Piar Vuelta al Campo Vuelvan Caras ZamoraSee also:

Bolivarian Revolution, Bolivarian Revolution - Ideology, Bolivarian Revolution - Components of Chávez's Bolivarianism, Bolivarian Revolution - Historical development into a democratic socialist movement, Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Social justice aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Market socialist aspects, Bolivarian Revolution - Results, Bolivarian Revolution - Domestic, Bolivarian Revolution - Foreign, Bolivarian Revolution - General links, Bolivarian Revolution - Notes

Read more here: » Bolivarian Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Bolivarian Revolution - Policies and aspects

During the colonial era of the Philippines, the term "Filipino" served the same purpose as the term "Criollo" in Latin America. "Filipino" there implied an unmixed Spaniard born in the Philippines. "Insulares" (i.e. [Spaniards] of the [Philippine] Islands) had a synonymous meaning with "Filipino". Those Spaniards that were born in Europe, as in Latin America, were called "Peninsulares (i.e. [Spaniards] of the [Iberian] Peninsula). The term "Filipino" drastically changed in meaning when during the Philippine Revolution it was taken by ...

See also:

Creole, Creole - Latin American Creole, Creole - Filipino Creoles, Creole - New Orleans and Louisiana/Gulf Coast Creole, Creole - Alaska Creole, Creole - Portuguese Creole, Creole - Caribbean creole

Read more here: » Creole: Encyclopedia II - Creole - Filipino Creoles