Socrates generally applied his method of examination to concepts that seem to lack any concrete definition; e.g., the key moral concepts at the time, the virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice. Such an examination challenged the implicit moral beliefs of the interlocutors, bringing out inadequacies and inconsistencies in their beliefs, and usually resulting in puzzlement known as aporia. In view of such inadequacies, Socrates himself professed his ignorance, but others still claim ...

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Socratic method, Socratic method - Method, Socratic method - Practice, Socratic method - Application, Socratic method - Typical Application in Legal Education, Socratic method - Socratic Method in Psychotherapy

Read more here: » Socratic method: Encyclopedia II - Socratic method - Application

See also:

Socratic method, Socratic method - Method, Socratic method - Practice, Socratic method - Application, Socratic method - Typical Application in Legal Education, Socratic method - Socratic Method in Psychotherapy

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Socrates - Socratic method. See main article: Socratic method Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic Method or method of elenchos, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice, concepts used constantly without any real definition. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. For this, Socrates is customarily regarded as the father of political philosophy and ethics or moral philosophy, and as a fountainhead of all the main t ...

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Socrates, Socrates - His character, Socrates - Trial and Death, Socrates - Philosophy, Socrates - Socratic method, Socrates - Philosophical beliefs, Socrates - Satirical playwrights, Socrates - Prose sources, Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues

Read more here: » Socrates: Encyclopedia II - Socrates - Philosophy

Socrates (June 4, ca. 470 BC – May 7, 399 BC) (Greek Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs; invariably anglicized as IPA: /'sɒkɹətiːz/ Sǒcratēs) was a Greek (Athenian) philosopher. Socrates - His character. The character of Socrates provides an illustration of a historical conundrum. If Socrates ever wrote a single word, it has not survived. As such, the entirety of modern knowledge concerning Socra ...

Including:

• Socrates - His character
• Socrates - Trial and Death
• Socrates - Philosophy
• Socrates - Socratic method
• Socrates - Philosophical beliefs
• Socrates - Satirical playwrights
• Socrates - Prose sources
• Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues

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łRecollection is retrieval of memory. It is not a passive process; people employ metacognitive strategies to make the best use of their memory, and priming and other context can have a large effect on what is retrieved. When we try to remember information there are several different techniques we can employ - 1. RECALL This involves digging into the memory and bringing back information on a stimulus/response basis, eg: "What is the capital of New Zealand?" Answer: "Wellington". Recall often needs prompting with cues to ...

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(The) Apology (of Socrates) is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he defends himself against the charges of being a man "who corrupted the young, did not believe in the gods, and created new deities". "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of a formal defence of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions (from the Latin apologia, from the Greek "apo" and "logos"). Apology Plato - Introduction. Socrates begins by saying he does not know ...

Including:

• Apology Plato - Introduction
• Apology Plato - Socrates' accusers
• Apology Plato - The charges against Socrates
• Apology Plato - Part one
• Apology Plato - The verdict
• Apology Plato - Part two
• Apology Plato - Part three
• Apology Plato - Modes of interpretation

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Early Muslim philosophy is considered influential in the rise of modern philosophy. Aquinas knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Muslim works taken in Spain in 1492. The outstanding achievements of early Muslims are: the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or "backing" the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questio ...

Including:

• Early Islamic philosophy - Muhammad
• Early Islamic philosophy - Dominance of Kalam
• Early Islamic philosophy - Mutazilite school
• Early Islamic philosophy - Rise of the Asharite school

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Aristoxenus of Tarentum (4th century BC) was a Greek peripatetic philosopher, and writer on music and rhythm. He was taught first by his father Spintharus, a pupil of Socrates, and later by the Pythagoreans, Lamprus of Erythrae and Xenophilus, from whom he learned the theory of music. Finally he studied under Aristotle at Athens, and was deeply annoyed, it is said, when Theophrastus was ...

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Broadly defined, Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. It is one of the three original liberal arts or trivium (the other members are rhetoric and grammar) in Western culture. In ancient and medieval times, both rhetoric and dialectic were understood to aim at being persuasive (through dialogue). The ai ...

Including:

• Dialectic - In philosophy
• Dialectic - Socratic dialectic
• Dialectic - Hegelian dialectic
• Dialectic - Marxist dialectics
• Dialectic - Critiques of dialectic
• Dialectic - Dialectical biology
• Dialectic - Footnotes
• Dialectic - Sources

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A question is any of several kinds of linguistic expressions normally used by a questioner to request the presentation of information back to the questioner, in the form of an answer, by the audience. Alternatively, one may say that the question is the request itself, and the interrogative sentence merely expresses it, but we will not use this sense. Questions thus resemble other requesting expressions as well as commands in normally being used to elicit a response. Indeed some expressions, such as "Would you pass the butter?", ...

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• Question - Grammar
• Question - Questions and answers
• Question - Learning
• Question - External link

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Anamnesis (Greek:αναμνησις; “recollection”, “reminiscence”) is a term used in philosophy and religion. Anamnesis - Philosophy. Plato uses "anamnesis" in the epistemological theory that he develops in his dialogues Meno and Phaedo. In Meno, Plato's character (and old teacher) Socrates is challenged by Meno with what has become known as the sophistic paradox, or the paradox of knowledge: Meno: And how are you going to search for [the nature of virtue] when y ...

Including:

• Anamnesis - Philosophy
• Anamnesis - Phaedo
• Anamnesis - Religious use
• Anamnesis - Sources and references

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The Society for Ethical Culture is a non-sectarian, ethico-religious movement. It was founded in 1876 by Felix Adler in New York City. The society assumed the motto "Deed before Creed" and adopted as the condition of membership a positive desire to uphold by example and precept the highest ideals of living and to aid the weaker to attain those ideals. The aims of the society are stated as follows: "To teach the supremacy of the moral ends above all human ends and interests; "To teach that the moral law has ...

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• Society for Ethical Culture - Article References

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Zeno of Elea should not be confused with Zeno of Citium. Zeno of Elea (IPA:zɛnoʊ, ɛlɛɑː)(circa 490 BC? – circa 430 BC?) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Called by Aristotle the inventor of the dialectic, he is best known for his paradoxes. In this capricious world nothing is more capricious than posthumous fame. One of the most notable victims of posterity's lack of judgement is the Eleatic Zeno. Having invented four a ...

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• Zeno of Elea - Life
• Zeno of Elea - Works
• Zeno of Elea - Zeno's paradoxes
• Zeno of Elea - Note

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Classical education as understood and taught in the middle ages of western civilization is roughly based on the ancient Greek concept of Paideia. China had a completely different tradition of classical education, based in large part on Confucian and Taoist traditions. This article concerns the western tradition. Classical education - The overall organization. Classical education developed many of the terms now used to describe modern education. Western classical education has three phases, eac ...

Including:

• Classical education - The overall organization
• Classical education - Primary Education
• Classical education - Secondary Education
• Classical education - Tertiary Education
• Classical education - Modern Interpretations of Classical Education

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The Cynics were an influential school of ancient philosophers. They rejected the social values of their time, often flouting conventions in shocking ways to prove their point. They challenged their listeners to get in touch with their "natural" animal side. Their name is thought to be derived either from the building in Athens called Cynosarges, the earliest home of the school, or from the Greek word for a dog (kuon), in contemptuous allusion to the uncouth and aggressive manners adopted by the members of the school. Whi ...

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Allotment may mean: Allotment (financial), a method of distributing securities to investors when an issue has been oversubscribed Allotment (radio) (see Bandplan) The Allotment, a 1988 book by Colin Ward Allotment - Land use. Apportionment of land by lot Allotment (gardening), in the United Kingdom, a small area of land, let out at a nominal yearly rent by local government or independent allotment associations, for individuals to grow their ...

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• Allotment - Land use
• Allotment - Government

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Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος) (316-241 BC) was a Greek philosopher and founder of the New, or Middle, Academy—the skeptical phase. Born at Pitane in Aeolia, he was trained by Autolycus the mathematician and later at Athens by Theophrastus and Crantor, by whom he was led to join the Academy. He subsequently became intimate with Polemon and Crates, whom he succeeded as head of the school (σχολαρχ). Diogenes Laertius says that similarly to his successor Lacydes, he died of excessive drinking, but the testimon ...

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• Arcesilaus - Links

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There is no universally accepted theory of what the word existence means. The dominant (though by no means universal) view in twentieth-century and contemporary Anglo-American philosophy is that existence is what is asserted by statements of first order logic of the form "for some x Fx". This agrees with the simple and commonsensical view that, in uttering "There is a bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith", or "A bridge crosses the Thames at Hammersmith", we are asserting the existence of a bridge across the Thames at Hammersmith. The word "existence", on this view, is simply a way of describing the logi ...

Including:

• Existence - The problems of existence
• Existence - Modern approaches to the problem
• Existence - Earlier views
• Existence - European views
• Existence - Quotations

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Doubt is uncertainty in the context of trust (where it takes the form of distrust), action, decision or belief. It implies challenging some notion of reality in effect, and may involve hesitating to take a relevant action due to concern that one might be mistaken or at fault. According to some spiritual and ethical traditions, it is a form of fear. A doubtful internal disposition, according to many ethical frameworks, leads to the 'poisoning' of one's realit ...

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Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle are the main sources for the historical Socrates; however, Xenophon and Plato, were direct disciples of Socrates, and presumably, they idealize him; however, they wrote the only continuous descriptions of Socrates that have come down to us. Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings. Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues. The Socratic dialogues are a series of dialogues written by Plato and Xenophon in the form of discussions between Socrates ...

See also:

Socrates, Socrates - His character, Socrates - Trial and Death, Socrates - Philosophy, Socrates - Socratic method, Socrates - Philosophical beliefs, Socrates - Satirical playwrights, Socrates - Prose sources, Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues

Read more here: » Socrates: Encyclopedia II - Socrates - Prose sources