Socrates (June 4, ca. 470 BC – May 7, 399 BC) (Greek Σωκράτης Sōkrátēs; invariably anglicized as IPA: /'sɒkɹətiːz/ Sǒcratēs) was a Greek (Athenian) philosopher. Socrates - His character. The character of Socrates provides an illustration of a historical conundrum. If Socrates ever wrote a single word, it has not survived. As such, the entirety of modern knowledge concerning Socra ...

Including:

• Socrates - His character
• Socrates - Trial and Death
• Socrates - Philosophy
• Socrates - Socratic method
• Socrates - Philosophical beliefs
• Socrates - Satirical playwrights
• Socrates - Prose sources
• Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues

Read more here: » Socrates: Encyclopedia - Socrates

Socrates (469?-399 BC) Greek philosopher, immortalized in Plato's Dialogues. {SD; BCW}

(See also: Socrates, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Socrates - Socratic method. See main article: Socratic method Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic Method or method of elenchos, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice, concepts used constantly without any real definition. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. For this, Socrates is customarily regarded as the father of political philosophy and ethics or moral philosophy, and as a fountainhead of all the main t ...

See also:

Socrates, Socrates - His character, Socrates - Trial and Death, Socrates - Philosophy, Socrates - Socratic method, Socrates - Philosophical beliefs, Socrates - Satirical playwrights, Socrates - Prose sources, Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues

Read more here: » Socrates: Encyclopedia II - Socrates - Philosophy

The most famous victim of hemlock poisoning is probably Socrates. After being condemned to death for impiety in 399 BC, Socrates was given a potent solution of the hemlock plant. Plato described Socrates' death in Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. He walked about and, when he said his legs were heavy, lay down on his back, for such was the advice of the attendant. The man who had administered the poison laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He sa ...

See also:

Conium, Conium - Socrates, Conium - Medicinal uses

Read more here: » Conium: Encyclopedia II - Conium - Socrates

The most famous victim of hemlock poisoning is probably Socrates. After being condemned to death for impiety in 399 BC, Socrates was given a potent solution of the hemlock plant. Plato described Socrates' death in Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo. He walked about and, when he said his legs were heavy, lay down on his back, for such was the advice of the attendant. The man who had administered the poison laid his hands on him and after a while examined his feet and legs, then pinched his foot hard and asked if he felt it. He sa ...

See also:

Conium, Conium - Socrates, Conium - Medicinal uses, Conium - Resources

Read more here: » Conium: Encyclopedia II - Conium - Socrates

Xenophon's Apology describes Socrates' state of mind at his trial and execution, and especially his view that it was better to die before senility set in than to escape execution by humbling himself before an unjust persecution. Specialists believe that Xenophon's interpretation of the trial was written in response to a widespread literary reaction following the trial, where Athenian public figures and authors used the theme of Socrates trial to state their views on his guilt. The main part of the text is a direct blow for blow ...

Read more here: » Apology Xenophon: Encyclopedia - Apology Xenophon

The Crito is a well-known dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, between Socrates and his follower the rich Athenian Crito (or Criton), regarding the source and nature of political obligation. Set after Plato's Apology, in which Socrates was sentenced to death for charges of corrupting the young and for impiety, Crito tries in this dialogue to convince Socrates to escape his imprisonment and go into exile. Crito - Crito's arguments for escape. Socrates is endangering the good ...

Including:

• Crito - Crito's arguments for escape
• Crito - Socrates' responses
• Crito - The laws' arguments

Read more here: » Crito: Encyclopedia - Crito

Conium is a genus of 2-3 species of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae. The most familiar species is Conium maculatum (also known as Poison Hemlock), the most common of several species of hemlock noted for their toxicity. It is a biennial herb which grows up to about 10 feet or 3 meters tall, has a smooth (sometimes purple) spotted stem and finely divided lacy leaves. The new leaves and root, when crushed emit a rank, unpleasant odour often compared to mice or parsnips. The flowers are small ...

Including:

• Conium - Socrates
• Conium - Medicinal uses

Read more here: » Conium: Encyclopedia - Conium

(The) Apology (of Socrates) is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he defends himself against the charges of being a man "who corrupted the young, did not believe in the gods, and created new deities". "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of a formal defence of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions (from the Latin apologia, from the Greek "apo" and "logos"). Apology Plato - Introduction. Socrates begins by saying he does not know ...

Including:

• Apology Plato - Introduction
• Apology Plato - Socrates' accusers
• Apology Plato - The charges against Socrates
• Apology Plato - Part one
• Apology Plato - The verdict
• Apology Plato - Part two
• Apology Plato - Part three
• Apology Plato - Modes of interpretation

Read more here: » Apology Plato: Encyclopedia - Apology Plato

Broadly defined, Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική) is an exchange of propositions (theses) and counter-propositions (antitheses) resulting in a synthesis of the opposing assertions, or at least a qualitative transformation in the direction of the dialogue. It is one of the three original liberal arts or trivium (the other members are rhetoric and grammar) in Western culture. In ancient and medieval times, both rhetoric and dialectic were understood to aim at being persuasive (through dialogue). The ai ...

Including:

• Dialectic - In philosophy
• Dialectic - Socratic dialectic
• Dialectic - Hegelian dialectic
• Dialectic - Marxist dialectics
• Dialectic - Critiques of dialectic
• Dialectic - Dialectical biology
• Dialectic - Footnotes
• Dialectic - Sources

Read more here: » Dialectic: Encyclopedia - Dialectic

Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (also Alkibiades) (ancient Greek: Αλκιβιαδες Κλεινιου Σκαμβωνιδες)¹ (c. 450 BC–404 BC) was an Athenian general and politician. Alcibiades - Life. Alcibiades was born in Athens, the son of Cleinias and Deinomache, who belonged to the family of the Alcmaeonidae. He was a near relative of Pericles, who, after the death of Cleinias at the Battle of Coronea (447 BC), became his guardian. Thus early deprived of his father's control, possessed of grea ...

Including:

• Alcibiades - Life
• Alcibiades - Sources about the life of Alcibiades
• Alcibiades - Notes

Read more here: » Alcibiades: Encyclopedia - Alcibiades

The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is the ethereal substance — spirit (Hebrew:rooah or nefesh) — particular to a unique living being. Such traditions often consider the soul both immortal and innately aware of its immortal nature, as well as the true basis for sentience in each living being. The concept of the soul has strong links with notions of an afterlife, but opinions may vary wildly, even within a given religion, as to what happens to the soul after death. Many wi ...

Including:

• Soul - Etymologies
• Soul - Philosophical views
• Soul - Socrates and Plato
• Soul - Aristotle
• Soul - Religious views
• Soul - Bahá'í beliefs
• Soul - Buddhist beliefs
• Soul - Christian beliefs
• Soul - Hindu beliefs
• Soul - Islamic beliefs
• Soul - Jainist beliefs
• Soul - Jewish beliefs
• Soul - Other religious beliefs and views
• Soul - Science and the soul
• Soul - Materialistic Science and the Soul
• Soul - Scientific approaches for study of a non-material soul
• Soul - Other uses of the term
• Soul - Movie
• Soul - External references and links

Read more here: » Soul: Encyclopedia - Soul

Alcibiades features in several Socratic dialogues: apart from the major role Alcibiades plays in Plato's Symposium, there are also two ancient dialogues that are named after him. Both Alcibiades dialogues feature Alcibiades in conversation with Socrates. Contrary to the leisurely atmosphere of the Symposium dialogue, the Alcibiades dialogues are placed towards the end of Socrates' life, and refer to his trial. The dialogues of Alcibiades are very much under-appreciated in our day and age, though they level up with Phaed ...

Including:

• Alcibiades dialogues - First Alcibiades
• Alcibiades dialogues - Second Alcibiades

Read more here: » Alcibiades dialogues: Encyclopedia - Alcibiades dialogues

Chaerephon (born ca. 470-450 BCE, died ca. 405-399 BCE) was a loyal friend and follower of Socrates. He is mentioned by three writers of the time, all of whom probably knew him: Xenophon, Aristophanes, and Plato. In his Memorabilia Xenophon includes Chaerephon in his list of the "true companions" of Socrates. Also in the Socratic inner circle, according to Xenophon, were Crito, Hermogenes, Simmias of Thebes, Cebes of Thebes, Phaedondes, and Chaerephon's younger brother Chaerecrates (and Xenophon acknowledges that ...

Read more here: » Chaerephon: Encyclopedia - Chaerephon

Cosmology is the branch of philosophy and metaphysics that deals with the world as the totality of all phenomena in space and time. Presocratic philosophers from the Ionian School are sometimes called cosmologists. There are nine basic cosmological positions that form the foundation of virtually all philosophies and religions. These are: Naturism: The universe is all that exists. Any God or gods are a product (derived) of the universe. (Western atheism) Negationism: God does not exist, but is a mere illusion. The universe does not exist; it too is a ...

Read more here: » Cosmology metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Cosmology metaphysics

Aristippus (c. 435-366 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher born in Cyrene in Africa. He was a pupil of Socrates at Athens, before teaching philosophy at Syracuse at the court of Dionysius. The doctrine of his school, the Cyrenaics, promoted hedonism and egoism. Other related archivesAfrica, Athens, Cyrenaics, Cyrene, Dionysius, Socrates, Syracuse, c. 435-366 B.C., egoism, hedonism, philosopher

Read more here: » Aristippus: Encyclopedia - Aristippus

Universal Science is a branch of Metaphysics. Originally, the idea of Universal Science comes from Plato's system of idealism, as Plato formulated using the teachings of Socrates. Universal science - External Sources. Heading 6, Philosophy as the Theological Science ...

Including:

• Universal science - External Sources

Read more here: » Universal science: Encyclopedia - Universal science

Anaximenes was the name of several notable people in ancient Greece. Anaximenes of Lampsacus -- a rhetorician and historian Anaximenes of Miletus -- a pre-Socratic philosopher of the 6th century BC Other related archives6th century BC, Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Anaximenes of Miletus, ancient Greece, historian, pre-Socratic, rhetorician

Read more here: » Anaximenes: Encyclopedia - Anaximenes

Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates. There are far more stories about her than there are facts. She is believed to have been much younger than the philosopher, perhaps by as much as forty years. She was famed for her sharp tongue and is said to have been the only person to ever have beaten Socrates in a discussion. After one particular quarrel, she was supposed to have emptied a chamber pot on Socrates's head, causing him to remark, "After thunder there generally falls rain." Her name now means any nagging scolding person, especially a shrewish wife. Acco ...

Including:

• Xanthippe - Literary References
• Xanthippe - Disambiguity

Read more here: » Xanthippe: Encyclopedia - Xanthippe

In logic, the argument form or test form of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra; the letters represent logical variables. The sentence forms which classify argument forms of common arguments important are studied in college logic. Here is an example of an argument: A All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. We can rewrite ...

Read more here: » Argument form: Encyclopedia - Argument form