Socioeconomics

The history of Chicago is like that of many large urban centers in the 19th century. There has long existed a separation between the more affluent citizens and the economically poorer citizens (often recent immigrants and African-Americans). The north side of Chicago, with its favorable higher ground became the center for affluence, while the less developed south side became the home for numerous immigrant groups (Irish, German, Polish, Italian, Greek, Slavic, among others). The south side of Chicago was already home to a growing African-Ame ...

See also:

White Sox-Cubs rivalry, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - History, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Socioeconomics, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Stadiums, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Neighborhoods, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Media coverage, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Performance, White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Cursed teams

Read more here: » White Sox-Cubs rivalry: Encyclopedia II - White Sox-Cubs rivalry - Socioeconomics

Literacy is the ability to read and write. In modern context, the word means reading and writing in a level adequate for written communication and generally a level that enables one to successfully function at certain levels of a society. The standards for what level constitutes "literacy" vary between societies. Other skills such as computer skills or basic numeracy may also be included, as there are many people who cannot read letters but can read numbers, and even learn to use a computer (in a limited way) while remaining un ...

Including:

• Literacy - World literacy rates
• Literacy - Literacy history
• Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past
• Literacy - Teaching literacy
• Literacy - Literacy readiness
• Literacy - Lack of literacy
• Literacy - United States
• Literacy - United Kingdom
• Literacy - Other Countries
• Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century
• Literacy - New literacy studies
• Literacy - The importance of technological literacy
• Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia - Literacy

The Vanderford-Riley well-being schedule is a measure of well-being used by some economists. It is objective in the sense that the subjective standard of well-being used in the schedule is measured objectively. The schedule is as follows: Per capita FTE (Full-time equivalents; the number of hours worked per person, an average of 40 hours per week, constitutes 1.0 FTE) Value of equity in property per person Ratio of property owners to non-owners (as defined as no outstanding liens or balanc ...

Read more here: » Vanderford-Riley well being schedule: Encyclopedia - Vanderford-Riley well being schedule

The history of literacy goes back several thousand years, but before the industrial revolution finally made cheap paper and cheap books available to all classes in industrialized countries, in the mid-nineteenth century, only a small percentage of the world's population was literate. Up until that point, materials associated with literacy were prohibitively expensive for people other than wealthy individuals and institutions. For example, in England in 1841, 33% of men and 44% of women signed marriage certificates with their mark as they were unable to write. Only in 1870 was government-finance ...

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Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Literacy history

The focus of most assertions about the existence of exploitation is the socio-economic phenomenon where people trade their labor or allegiance to a powerful entity, such as the state, a corporation or any other private company. Some theories of exploitation (Marxist, new liberal) are structural, while others are organizational (neoclassical). Exploitation - Marxist theory. In Marxism, the kinds of exploitation described by other theories (see further below) are usually called "super-exploitat ...

See also:

Exploitation, Exploitation - Theories of exploitation, Exploitation - Marxist theory, Exploitation - Neoclassical theories, Exploitation - New liberal theories, Exploitation - Exploitation in developing nations

Read more here: » Exploitation: Encyclopedia II - Exploitation - Theories of exploitation

There are many reasons for economic inequality within societies. These causes are often inter-related and complex. For example, race differences and wealth condensation are different causes but can be highly correlated within a population. The relationship between cause and effect can also be non-linear and complex. For example, economic inequality decreases the amount of social cohesion within society, leading to greater inequality. Among the acknowledged factors that impact economic inequality in some part are the labour market, innate ability, education, race, gen ...

See also:

Economic inequality, Economic inequality - Causes Of Inequality, Economic inequality - The Labour Market, Economic inequality - Gender Race and Culture, Economic inequality - Development patterns, Economic inequality - Wealth Condensation, Economic inequality - Mitigating Factors, Economic inequality - Effects Of Inequality, Economic inequality - Social Cohesion, Economic inequality - Epidemiological Considerations, Economic inequality - Distributive Efficiency, Economic inequality - Economic Incentives, Economic inequality - Views on Inequality

Read more here: » Economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Economic inequality - Causes Of Inequality

This suggests that we can separate out four main elements in respect of individuals’ employability: the first three are analogous to the concepts of production, marketing and sales, and the fourth the market place in which they operate. 1. Assets An individual’s ‘employability assets’ comprise their knowledge (ie what they know), skills (what they do with what they know) and attitudes (how they do it). There are a number of detailed categorisations in the literature which, for instance, distinguish between:

Economic inequality - Social Cohesion. Research has shown a clear link between income inequality and social cohesion. In more equal societies, people are much more likely to trust each other, measures of social capital suggest greater community involvement, and homicide rates are consistently lower. One of the earliest writers to note the link between economic equality and social cohesion was Alexis de Tocqueville in his Democracy in America. Writing in 1831: See also:

Economic inequality, Economic inequality - Causes of Inequality, Economic inequality - The Labour Market, Economic inequality - Gender Race and Culture, Economic inequality - Development patterns, Economic inequality - Wealth Condensation, Economic inequality - Mitigating Factors, Economic inequality - Effects of Inequality, Economic inequality - Social Cohesion, Economic inequality - Population Health, Economic inequality - Distributive Efficiency, Economic inequality - Economic Incentives, Economic inequality - Views on Inequality

Read more here: » Economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Economic inequality - Effects of Inequality

For the state, as well as raising the skill profile of the existing workforce, especially at lower levels to boost flexibility and competitiveness, there are a number of potential priority groups including: labour market entrants labour market re-entrants disadvantaged groups insecure or under-utilised employees where different policies may ne ...

See also:

Employability, Employability - Origins of employability, Employability - Employability: towards a definition, Employability - Four components of employability, Employability - Priorities for action, Employability - Issues for public policy

Read more here: » Employability: Encyclopedia II - Employability - Priorities for action

Many have been concerned about the lack of literacy in the world population, despite the fact that literacy rates have increased steadily over the past few decades, especially in the third world. Third world nations which adopted Marxist ideology (China, Cuba, and Vietnam, for example), experienced some of the most dramatic growth of literacy, approaching US and European rates. The United Nations defines illiteracy as the inability to read and write a simple sentence in any language. Figures of 1998 show that 16% of the world population is illiterate (by the UN definition). See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Lack of literacy

There are many reasons for economic inequality within societies. These causes are often inter-related and complex. For example, race differences and wealth condensation are different causes but can be highly correlated within a population. The relationship between cause and effect can also be non-linear and complex. For example, economic inequality decreases the amount of social cohesion within society, leading to greater inequality. Among the acknowledged factors that impact economic inequality in some part are the labour market, innate ability, education, race, gen ...

See also:

Economic inequality, Economic inequality - Causes of Inequality, Economic inequality - The Labour Market, Economic inequality - Gender Race and Culture, Economic inequality - Development patterns, Economic inequality - Wealth Condensation, Economic inequality - Mitigating Factors, Economic inequality - Effects of Inequality, Economic inequality - Social Cohesion, Economic inequality - Population Health, Economic inequality - Distributive Efficiency, Economic inequality - Economic Incentives, Economic inequality - Views on Inequality

Read more here: » Economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Economic inequality - Causes of Inequality

Some people argue that one of the most effective methods of teaching literacy involves direct instruction of simplified phonetic systems. Others, however, argue that a more holistic method modelled after the way language is acquired is the most effective for teaching literacy. This disagreement has been termed "the reading wars" and is most evident in the pressures placed on schools to use commodified, pre-packaged basal series ...

See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Teaching literacy

Developing nations (commonly called "third world countries" or "poor countries") are the focus of much debate over the issue of exploitation, particularly in the context of the global economy. The main kind of exploitation which is seen as prevailing in the third world is corporate exploitation. For instance, Nike and Gap Inc., are alleged to use child labor and sweatshops in order to manufacture their products cheaply in developing nations, paying their workers wages far lower than those that prevail in developed nations (where the p ...

See also:

Exploitation, Exploitation - Theories of exploitation, Exploitation - Marxist theory, Exploitation - Neoclassical theories, Exploitation - New liberal theories, Exploitation - Exploitation in developing nations

Read more here: » Exploitation: Encyclopedia II - Exploitation - Exploitation in developing nations

It is well-established that children become able to "blend sounds" at different ages. Thus phonetic systems often cannot be applied by very young children. Experts differ in their approach to this issue, some advocating a delayed, but more rapid acquisition of reading by means of phonetics, while others advocate early acquisition of a basic vocabulary through a "see and say" method. A secondary advantage of phonetics is that it improves readers' spelling and writing abilities. See and say methods are said to increase the word acquisition rate and reading speed of many students. The problem with phonetics is that ...

See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Literacy readiness

Some people argue that one of the most effective methods of teaching literacy involve direct instruction of simplified phonetic systems. Others, however, argue that a more holistic method modelled after the way language is acquired is the most effective for teaching literacy. This disagreement has been termed "the reading wars" and is most evident in the pressures placed on schools to use commodified, pre-packaged basal series ...

See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Teaching literacy

Many have been concerned about the lack of literacy in the world population, despite the fact that literacy rates have increased steadily over the past few decades, especially in the third world. Third world nations which adopted communism (China, Cuba, and Vietnam, for example), experienced some of the most dramatic growth of literacy, approaching US and European rates. The United Nations defines illiteracy as the inability to read and write a simple sentence in any language. Figures of 1998 show that 16% of the world population is illiterate (by the UN definition). See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Lack of literacy

Literacy - New literacy studies. A theoretical approach to understanding literacy that argues that literacy is not autonomous or a set of discrete technical and objective skills such as reading and writing that can be applied across context. Instead what counts as literacy is determined by the cultural, political, and historical contexts of the community in which it is used. Definitions of literacy are based on ideologies. Scholars associated with the New Literacy Studies include Brian Street, James Paul Gee, All ...

See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century

Illiteracy is most prevalent in developing countries. South Asian, Arab and Sub-Saharan African countries are regions with the highest illiteracy rates at about 40 to 50%. East Asia and Latin America have illiteracy rates in the 10 to 15% region while developed countries have illiteracy rates of a few percent. Within ethnically homogenous regions, literacy rates can vary widely from country or region to region. This often coincides with the region's wealth or urbanization, though many factors play a role. ...

See also:

Literacy, Literacy - World literacy rates, Literacy - Literacy history, Literacy - Examples of highly literate cultures in the past, Literacy - Teaching literacy, Literacy - Literacy readiness, Literacy - Lack of literacy, Literacy - United States, Literacy - United Kingdom, Literacy - Other Countries, Literacy - Literacy in the 21st century, Literacy - New literacy studies, Literacy - The importance of technological literacy, Literacy - Bibliography

Read more here: » Literacy: Encyclopedia II - Literacy - World literacy rates

Economic inequality - Social Cohesion. Research has shown a clear link between income inequality and social cohesion. In more equal societies, people are much more likely to trust each other, measures of social capital suggest greater community involvement, and homicide rates are consistently lower. One of the earliest writers to note the link between economic equality and social cohesion was Alexis de Tocqueville in his Democracy in America. Writing in 1831: See also:

Economic inequality, Economic inequality - Causes Of Inequality, Economic inequality - The Labour Market, Economic inequality - Gender Race and Culture, Economic inequality - Development patterns, Economic inequality - Wealth Condensation, Economic inequality - Mitigating Factors, Economic inequality - Effects Of Inequality, Economic inequality - Social Cohesion, Economic inequality - Epidemiological Considerations, Economic inequality - Distributive Efficiency, Economic inequality - Economic Incentives, Economic inequality - Views on Inequality

Read more here: » Economic inequality: Encyclopedia II - Economic inequality - Effects Of Inequality

While there is no singular definition of employability, a review of the literature suggests that employability is about work and the ability to be employed; ie the ability to gain initial employment; hence the interest in ensuring that ‘key skills’, careers advice and an understanding about the world of work are embedded in the education system the ability to maintain employment and make ‘transitions’ between jobs and roles within the same organisation to meet new job requirements, and ...

See also:

Employability, Employability - Origins of employability, Employability - Employability: towards a definition, Employability - Four components of employability, Employability - Priorities for action, Employability - Issues for public policy

Read more here: » Employability: Encyclopedia II - Employability - Employability: towards a definition