socio-economic - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Western World: Encyclopedia - Western World
The term Western world or "the West" can have multiple meanings depending on its context. Originally defined as Western Europe, most mode...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia - World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations responsible for providing finance to countries for purposes of develo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Community Health: Encyclopedia - Community Health
Community health is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and betterment of the health characteristics of communities. While t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afrology: Encyclopedia - Afrology
Afrology is a scientific study of the organization of the contemporary social structures of Africa. It places in the heart of African soc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Community-supported Agriculture: Encyclopedia - Community-supported Agriculture
Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is a relatively new socio-economic model of food production, sales and distribution aimed at both i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia - Abortion
An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy associated with the death of an embryo or a fetus. This can occur spontaneously, in the for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asha For Education: Encyclopedia - Asha For Education
Asha for Education is a secular organisation dedicated to change in India by focusing on basic education, in the belief that education is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ebionites: Encyclopedia - Ebionites
The Ebionites (from Hebrew; Ebionim, "the poor ones") were a sect of Judean followers of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth who exist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation
Most generally, the accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeitgeist: Encyclopedia - Zeitgeist
Zeitgeist is originally a German expression that means "the spirit (Geist) of the time (Zeit)". It denotes the intellectual and cultural ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ebionites: Encyclopedia Ii - Ebionites - History
Few writings of the Ebionites have survived, and in uncertain form (see below). There are two chief sources for our knowledge of the lite...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - History
The earliest inhabitants of the area were Pygmy peoples. They were largely replaced and absorbed by Bantu tribes during Bantu migrations....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leaving Certificate: Encyclopedia Ii - Leaving Certificate - List Of Available Subjects
Below are the list of subjects available to (Established) Leaving Certificate students, though most schools only offer a limited number. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malaysian New Economic Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Malaysian New Economic Policy - Criticisms
In recent years, the NEP has come under attack as being an inefficient system that promotes a laid-back attitude among the Bumiputras. S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Queensland Legislative Assembly: Encyclopedia Ii - Queensland Legislative Assembly - Queensland's Gerrymander
Queensland, until the reforms following the end of the Bjelke-Petersen era, had a system where electorates in rural districts were create...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Health Effects
As with most surgical procedures, the most common surgical abortion methods carry the risk of potentially serious complications. These ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Minority: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Minority - United States
Model minority - History of the Model Minority Stereotype. "Model minority" was first used in the mid-1960s in the work of William Pete...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Health Effects
As with most surgical procedures, the most common surgical abortion methods carry the risk of potentially serious complications. These ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Minority: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Minority - United States
Model minority - History of the Model Minority Stereotype. "Model minority" was first used in the mid-1960s in the work of William Pete...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Community-supported Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Community-supported Agriculture - The Csa System
CSA generally, is the practice of focusing on the production of high quality foods using ecological, organic or biodynamic farming method...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Māori Influence
Many local everyday words are not English at all, being traditional Māori language names for local flora, fauna, and the natural environ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia Ii - World Bank Group - Organizational Structure
Together with four affiliated agencies created between 1956 and 1988, the IBRD is part of the World Bank Group. The Group's headquarters ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Goals And Ideology
A technocracy is a socio-economic system, one that is based upon abundance, as opposed to scarcity-based economies like capitalism or com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploitation: Encyclopedia Ii - Exploitation - Theories Of Exploitation
The focus of most assertions about the existence of exploitation is the socio-economic phenomenon where people trade their labor or alleg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - History
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Congolese pre-history. From 2000 BC to AD 500, waves of Bantu migrations moved into what is now the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Safed: Encyclopedia Ii - Safed - History
According to legend, Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the great deluge. Historical sources indicate that the town was founded in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - New Developments In Capital Accumulation
New trends in capital accumulation include: financialisation (the extraordinarily strong growth of the global financial markets. This is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - London Borough Of Merton: Encyclopedia Ii - London Borough Of Merton - Composition Of The Council
The Labour Party has had a majority on the Council since 1990 and has retained control through the local elections of 1994, 1998 and 2002...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rafael Eitan: Encyclopedia Ii - Rafael Eitan - Military Career
Rafael Eitan - Early battles. Eitan was a junior officer in the elite Palmach strike force and took part in the Israel's War of Indepen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western World: Encyclopedia Ii - Western World - Western Countries
To define what is typical of Western society and Western culture, it is necessary to understand its context. At different times and in di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Santiago De Surco: Encyclopedia Ii - Santiago De Surco - Culture Education And Entertainment
Some of the most exclusive and prestigious schools and universities of Lima are located in Surco, including University of Lima, Universid...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Safed: Encyclopedia Ii - Safed - History
According to legend, Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the great deluge. Historical sources indicate that the town was founded in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western World: Encyclopedia Ii - Western World - Western Countries
To define what is typical of Western society and Western culture, it is necessary to understand its context. At different times and in di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Goals And Ideology
A technocracy is a socio-economic system, one that is based upon abundance, as opposed to scarcity-based economies like capitalism. A cor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Income Disparity: Encyclopedia Ii - Income Disparity - Gender Gap
In the context of economic inequality, gender gap generally refers to the systemic differences in the social and economic position of men...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Psychology, Sociology And Ethics Of Capital Accumulation
There have been numerous psychological and sociological studies of the motivations of investment behaviour by individuals. Most of these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Criticisms Of The Movement
The movement is too obscure to attract much criticism. However, technocrats themselves would argue that those in power, politicians and h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia Ii - World Bank Group - Evaluation At The World Bank
World Bank Group - Social and environmental concerns. Throughout the period from 1972 to 1989, the Bank did not conduct its own environ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Criticisms Of The Movement
The movement is too obscure to attract much criticism. However, technocrats themselves would argue that those in power, politicians and h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Books On The Technocratic Movement
To date, two serious studies of the early history of the Technocratic movement have been published: William E. Akin, Technocracy and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western World: Encyclopedia Ii - Western World - Western Thought
The term Western is usually associated with the cultural tradition that traces its origins to Greek thought and Christian religion. (See ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - History
Howard Scott started the Technocratic movement as the Technical Alliance in the winter of 1918-1919. The Technical Alliance, composed of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia Ii - World Bank Group - Criticism
Although relied upon by impoverished governments around the world as a contributor of development finance, the World Bank is often and pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rafael Eitan: Encyclopedia Ii - Rafael Eitan - Political Career
After his retirement from the army, on April 1983, Eitan entered politics. He had the image of the sabra Israeli who connected to his roo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia Ii - World Bank Group - Extractive Industries Review
After longstanding criticisms from civil society of the Bank's involvement in the oil, gas, and mining sectors, the World Bank in July 20...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - History
Howard Scott started the Technocratic movement as the Technical Alliance in the winter of 1918-1919. The Technical Alliance, composed of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Spontaneous Abortion
Spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes. A miscarriage ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - London Borough Of Merton: Encyclopedia Ii - London Borough Of Merton - Key Facts
In 2001, the census recorded that 25% of the population of the brough was from an ethnic minority. The highest ethnic populations were re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Bank Group: Encyclopedia Ii - World Bank Group - Goals
The World Bank Group’s mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world. It provides long...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leaving Certificate: Encyclopedia Ii - Leaving Certificate - Points
A1 Higher 100 Ordinary 60 A2 Higher 90 Ordinary 50 B1 Higher 85 Ordinary 45 B2 Higher 80 Ordinary 40 B3 Higher 75 Ordinary 35 C1 Higher 7...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Languages
There is an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Out of these, only 4 have the status of nati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malaysian New Economic Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Malaysian New Economic Policy - History
In the 1960s, Malaysia began its first stage of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI), which consisted of high tariffs to motivate ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malaysian New Economic Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Malaysian New Economic Policy - Goals
The NEP had the stated goal of poverty eradication and economic restructuring so as to eliminate the identification of ethnicity with eco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Queensland Legislative Assembly: Encyclopedia Ii - Queensland Legislative Assembly - Prior To 1922
The Legislative Assembly was the lower house of a normal Westminster style bicameral parlaiment. The upper chamber, the Legislative Counc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Queensland Legislative Assembly: Encyclopedia Ii - Queensland Legislative Assembly - Current Distribution Of Seats
(as at declaration of August 20, 2005 by-elections) (see detailed list) ... See also:Queensland Legislative Assembly, Queensland Legis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Malaysian New Economic Policy: Encyclopedia Ii - Malaysian New Economic Policy - Results
As a result of NEP, the wealth in the hands of the bumiputras went from 4% in 1970 to about 20% in 1997. The disparity of wealth in Malay...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Politics
From the day King Leopold II established colonial authority in what is now Congo-Kinshasa to today, the country's government has been uns...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Abortion Law
The Soviet Union (1920) and Iceland (1935) were some of the first countries to generally allow abortion. The second half of the twentieth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Definitions
Pregnancy is defined by the medical community as beginning at the implantation of the embryo. The following terms are used to define an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Safed: Encyclopedia Ii - Safed - Income
As of December, 2001, the CBS' socio-economic ranking places the city slightly below the average, at 4 out of 10, with an average income ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Safed: Encyclopedia Ii - Safed - Demographics
According to CBS, in 2003 the ethnic makeup of the city was 97.2% Jewish and other non-Arabs, without significant Arab population. In 200...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Incidence
It has been estimated that the total number of induced abortions performed globally is approximately 46 million per year. 26 million of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Induced Abortion Methods
A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in a number of ways. The manner selected depends chiefly upon the gestational age of the fetus, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Abortion Debate
Over the course of the history of abortion, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy regarding the mor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Social Issues
A number of of complex issues exist in the debate over abortion. These, like the suggested effects upon health listed above, are a focus ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - History Of Abortion
The practice of induced abortion, according to some anthropologists, can be traced to ancient times. There is evidence to suggest that, h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Technocratic Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Technocratic Movement - Books On The Technocratic Movement
To date, two serious studies of the early history of the Technocratic movement have been published: William E. Akin, Technocracy and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leaving Certificate: Encyclopedia Ii - Leaving Certificate - Points
A1 Higher 100 Ordinary 60 A2 Higher 90 Ordinary 50 B1 Higher 85 Ordinary 45 B2 Higher 80 Ordinary 40 B3 Higher 75 Ordinary 35 C1 Higher 7...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - History Of Abortion
The practice of induced abortion, according to some anthropologists, can be traced to ancient times. There is evidence to suggest that, h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Abortion Debate
Throughout the history of abortion, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy regarding the morality an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Methods Of Inducing Abortion
Depending on the gestational age of the embryo or fetus, different methods of abortion can be performed to remove the embryo or fetus fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Induced Abortions
The term "abortion" is usually used by lay people to refer to induced abortion. Women from 27 nations reported the following reasons for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Spontaneous Abortion
Spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes. A miscarriage ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Abortion Law
The Soviet Union (1920) and Iceland (1935) were some of the first countries to generally allow abortion. The second half of the twentieth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ebionites: Encyclopedia Ii - Ebionites - Ebionite Writings
The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908, mentions four classes of Ebionite writings: Ebionite Gospel. The Ebionites used only the Gospel of Matt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Marxian Concept Of Capital Accumulation
In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, capital accumulation refers to the chrematistic operation whereby a sum of money is transfo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Psychology Sociology And Ethics Of Capital Accumulation
There have been numerous psychological and sociological studies of the motivations of investment behaviour by individuals. Most of these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Harrod-domar Model
In macroeconomics, following the Harrod-Domar model, the savings ratio (s) and the capital coefficient (k) are regarded as critical facto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ebionites: Encyclopedia Ii - Ebionites - Modern Ebionites
In 1985, Shemayah Phillips founded a movement that would eventually grow into the online Ebionite Jewish Community by 1995. This movement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Community-supported Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Community-supported Agriculture - History
The pre-history of the CSA concept is still somewhat sketchy, and not well-documented. It is pieced together from a variety of anecdotal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abortion: Encyclopedia Ii - Abortion - Definitions
In medicine, the following terms are used to define an abortion: Spontaneous abortion: An abortion due to accidental trauma or natural c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western World: Encyclopedia Ii - Western World - Western Thought
The term Western is usually associated with the cultural tradition that traces its origins to Greek thought and Christian religion. (See ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - The Rate And Measurement Of Accumulation
In Marxian economics, the rate of accumulation is defined as (1) the value of the real net increase in the stock of capital in an account...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - The Origin Of Capital Accumulation In Trade
In the simplest circuit of commercial trade, a sum of money M is loaned and returned with interest as the larger sum M'. Or, as a variati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leaving Certificate: Encyclopedia Ii - Leaving Certificate - Undergraduate Admission
Leaving Certificate - Republic of Ireland. School leavers who want to attend undergraduate courses in Irish colleges and universities h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploitation: Encyclopedia Ii - Exploitation - Exploitation In Developing Nations
Developing nations (commonly called "third world countries" or "poor countries") are the focus of much debate over the issue of exploitat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Flora And Fauna
The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great biodiversity, including many rare and endemic species, including bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Languages
There is an estimated total of 242 languages spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Out of these, only 4 have the status of nati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Model Minority: Encyclopedia Ii - Model Minority - Other Countries
In the United Kingdom, the Jewish, East Asian, and Indian populations are often considered to be model minorities. Particularly, the econ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Spelling
Where there is a distinct difference between British and US spelling (such as words like colour/color and travelled/traveled), the Britis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Dialects Within New Zealand English
Most Kiwis speak Newzild "as she is spoke": geographical variations appear slight, and mainly confined to individual special local words....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Differences From Australian English
Although foreigners can find it hard to distinguish the New Zealand dialect from the Australian, there are differences in the pronunciati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Differences From British English
New Zealand English - Flattened 'i'. The most noticeable difference in pronunciation is probably the flat "i", so that "six" is pronoun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Zealand English: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand English - Unique New Zealand English Vocabulary
There are also many non-Māori words that are unique to New Zealand English. The following are shared with Australia: arvo – afternoon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Demographics
The population was estimated at 56.6 million in 2003, growing quickly from 46.7 million in 1997. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Encyclopedia Ii - Democratic Republic Of The Congo - Geography
The Congo is situated at the heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa and is bounded by (Clockwise from the west) Angola, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Capital Accumulation As Social Relation
"Accumulation of capital" sometimes also refers in Marxist writings to the reproduction of capitalist social relations (institutions) on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Different Forms Of Capital Accumulation
Essentially, in capitalism the production of output depends on the accumulation of capital. The propensity to invest in production theref...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Simple And Expanded Reproduction
In volume 2 of Das Kapital, Marx continues the story and shows that, with the aid of bank credit, capital in search of growth can more or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - The Circuit Of Capital Accumulation From Production
Strictly speaking, capital has accumulated only when realised profit income has been reinvested in capital assets. But the process of cap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capital Accumulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Capital Accumulation - Regime Of Accumulation
Both the Regulation School of French Marxist economists, inspired by the original writings of Michel Aglietta and developed by Robert Boy...   » Read the article