Crinoline was originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen thread. The fabric first appeared around 1830, but by 1850 the word had come to mean a stiffened petticoat or rigid skirt-shaped structure of steel designed to support the skirts of a woman’s dress into the required shape. Crinoline - Origin of the word. The name 'crinoline' was invented by one of the fabric's manufacturers, who combined the Latin words crinis (meaning hair) and linum (meaning fla ...

Including:

• Crinoline - Origin of the word
• Crinoline - The History of the Crinoline
• Crinoline - Problems with the crinoline
• Crinoline - The crinoline's decline
• Crinoline - The crinoline today

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This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Varna the word itself means colour. Varna system is a color based classification. But it is also a fact that that system was not originally based on color based divisions. Lord Krishna was a dark skinned person but he was a upper caste member. Classification was based on the occupations. Working conditions brings skin color chan ...

Including:

• Indian caste system - Varna system
• Indian caste system - Four Varnas
• Indian caste system - Division of labor
• Indian caste system - Untouchables Dalit
• Indian caste system - Jati
• Indian caste system - Caste in Hindu texts
• Indian caste system - Rig Veda - Purusha Sukta hymn
• Indian caste system - Origins of the system
• Indian caste system - Aryan invasion
• Indian caste system - Transition in Caste
• Indian caste system - Modern perceptions of caste
• Indian caste system - Quotes about Caste
• Indian caste system - Notable people
• Indian caste system - Literature

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Ummo is a blanket term to describe a series of decades-long claims that aliens from the planet Ummo were communicating with persons on the earth. Most Ummo information was in the form of many detailed documents and letters sent to various esoteric groups or UFO enthusiasts. The Ummo affair was subject to much mainstream attention in France and Spain during the 1960's and 1970's, and a degree of interest remains regarding the subject. General consensus is that the entire affair was an elaborate hoax. The culprit (or culprits) are unknown, but a Jose Luis Jordan Pena has claimed responsi ...

Including:

• Ummo - History
• Ummo - The documents' contents
• Ummo - Hypotheses and Proposed Explanations
• Ummo - Sources

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A value system is in essence the ordering and prioritization of the ethical and ideological values that an individual or society holds. While two individuals or groups may share a set of common values, they may differ in their determination of which values in that set have precedence over others. The two individuals or groups are said to have different value systems, even though they may have many values in common, if their prioritization of values differs, or if there are different exceptions they attach to these values ...

Including:

• Value system - Laws of Robotics
• Value system - Definitions
• Value system - Values
• Value system - Value Systems
• Value system - Characteristics of Value Systems
• Value system - Personal vs. Communal
• Value system - Exceptions
• Value system - Consistency
• Value system - Idealized vs. Realized
• Value system - Defining Values
• Value system - Examples of conflicting value systems
• Value system - Individualism vs. collectivism

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Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different to the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by someone. The word underground is used because there is a history of resistance movements under harsh regimes where the term underground was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters. For example, the Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century Unite ...

Including:

• Underground culture - Etymology

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A corporation is a legal entity (distinct from a natural person) that often has similar rights in law to those of a natural person. Civil law systems may refer to corporations as "moral persons;" they may also go by the name "AS" (anonymous society) or something similar, depending on language (see below). In colloquial usage, "corporation" usually refers to a commercial entity set up in accordance with a governmental framework. Churches (mainly in US, but not so much in other countries, where Churches have a different st ...

Including:

• Corporation - Legal status
• Corporation - Ownership and control
• Corporation - Formation
• Corporation - Naming
• Corporation - Unresolved issues
• Corporation - Origins
• Corporation - Etymology
• Corporation - Pre-modern corporations
• Corporation - Development of modern commercial corporations
• Corporation - Types of corporations
• Corporation - For-profit and non-profit
• Corporation - Closely-held and public
• Corporation - Multinational corporations
• Corporation - National features
• Corporation - United States
• Corporation - Canada
• Corporation - German-speaking countries
• Corporation - Corporate taxation
• Corporation - Other commercial entities

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Blenheim Palace is a large and monumental country house situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the only non episcopal country house, in England, to hold the title "palace". The Palace, one of England's greatest houses in every sense of the word, was built between 1705 and circa 1722. Its construction was originally intended to be a gift to the 1st Duke of Marlborough from a grateful nation in return for military triumph against the French. However, it soon became the subject of political infighting which led to Marlborough ...

Including:

• Blenheim Palace - The Churchills
• Blenheim Palace - The site
• Blenheim Palace - Architect
• Blenheim Palace - Funding the construction
• Blenheim Palace - Design and architecture
• Blenheim Palace - Interior
• Blenheim Palace - The Park and gardens
• Blenheim Palace - Failing fortunes
• Blenheim Palace - The 9th Duke of Marlborough
• Blenheim Palace - Blenheim today
• Blenheim Palace - Blenheim on film
• Blenheim Palace - Footnotes

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This articles is about cross-dressing in general. For specific information about cross-dressing for sexual reasons, see Transvestic fetishism. Compare also the List of transgender-related topics. Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothing commonly associated with another gender within a particular society. The usage of the term, the types of cross-dressing both in modern times and throughout history, an analysis of the behaviour, and historical examples are discussed in the article below. Cross-dressing ...

Including:

• Cross-dressing - Usage
• Cross-dressing - Varieties of cross-dressing
• Cross-dressing - Clothes
• Cross-dressing - Equal Clothing Rights
• Cross-dressing - Analyses
• Cross-dressing - Female-bodied cross-dressers
• Cross-dressing - The classic psychoanalytic view
• Cross-dressing - The problem of attributing motives for cross-dressing
• Cross-dressing - Some famous examples of cross-dressing
• Cross-dressing - In Norse mythology
• Cross-dressing - Famous historical examples of cross-dressing people
• Cross-dressing - Cultural examples of cross-dressing
• Cross-dressing - Literature

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Urban geography is the study of history of urban settlement, the development of cities, urban structure, spatial patterns that occur within the city, as well as urban problems and policies. It can be considered a part of the larger field of human geography, however, it can often overlap with other fields such as anthropology and physical geography. Urban geographers seek to understand why cities are where they are, what function they serve, the hierarchy that exists between them and why they develop with the form that they have. Urban ...

Including:

• Urban geography - Site and situation
• Urban geography - The City System
• Urban geography - Cities as Centers of Manufacturing and Services

Read more here: » Urban geography: Encyclopedia - Urban geography

A consensual or victimless crime is behavior that is considered a crime, even though all of those involved in the act give consent, and no third parties suffer as a direct result. Political leaders may justify criminalizing such behavior because of indirect effects on third parties, or because of offense to cultural norms, or because the law assumes that one of the parties to the ac ...

Including:

• Consensual crime - Giving consent
• Consensual crime - Examples
• Consensual crime - Arguments for banning some consensual acts
• Consensual crime - Arguments against banning some consensual acts
• Consensual crime - Legalization of consensual acts

Read more here: » Consensual crime: Encyclopedia - Consensual crime

Consensus has two common meanings. One is a general agreement among the members of a given group or community. The other is as a theory and practice of getting such agreements (for infomation on the practice of achieving formal consensus, see Consensus decision-making). Achieving consensus requires serious treatment of every group member's considered opinion. Once a decision is made it is important to trust in members' discretion in follow-up action. In the ideal case, those who wish to take up some action want to ...

Including:

• Consensus - Consensus as collective thought
• Consensus - Models of consensus
• Consensus - In democracy
• Consensus - Drawbacks
• Consensus - Examples within computing
• Consensus - In Biology
• Consensus - Examples of non-consensus

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Welsh rabbit is a snack dish, also known as toasted cheese, Cheese on Toast or Welsh rarebit. It is a dish in British cuisine. It is made by grating cheese, blending it with beer or a little milk and butter, seasoning (particularly with mustard), and spreading the mixture onto hot toast; the whole is then grilled in the British fashion, that is, heated briskly from above (called broiling in North America). Classically the cheese used in Welsh rarebit is Cheddar or Double Gloucester. Welsh rabb ...

Including:

• Welsh rabbit - Name
• Welsh rabbit - Derivatives
• Welsh rabbit - Nightmares

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Venus figurines is an umbrella term for a number of prehistoric items, mostly in statuette form, of obese or heavily pregnant women from the Aurignacian or Gravettian period of the upper Palaeolithic, found in Europe. They are among the oldest ceramics known. Like many such artifacts, their true cultural meaning may never be known; however, given that at the time of their construction human society would not have the same tendency towards obesity as it has today (as foodstuffs, particularly those which are fattening, would have been s ...

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Western culture refers to the culture that has developed in the Western world. It comprises the heritage of norms, values, customs and sometimes artifacts that the cultures of the Western world share. A Western culture refers to one of the many cultures in the Western world. The term ‘Western’ may be used as a contrast to Communist countries, to Daoist Asian countries, to Islamic nations, or to developing Third World countries. Various uses of the concept of ‘Western’ Culture have included, rightly or wron ...

Including:

• Western culture - Description
• Western culture - Foundations
• Western culture - History
• Western culture - Hegemony
• Western culture - Multiculturalism
• Western culture - Beyond art and politics
• Western culture - Opinions

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The political theory of consent of the governed dictates that a government's purpose of its political power is to serve the people over the society it governs. Thus a government requires the people's consent to govern, otherwise it fails its purpose of serving if it operates against their will. A government operating without consent of the society it governs is often termed oppressive. In some theories of government, all people are considered equal both in their right to govern themselves and in their contributions to the rules ...

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In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, so a natural person identified with the mind of a legal entity cannot conspire with the company alone. There is no limit on the number participating in the conspiracy and, in most countries, no requirement that any steps have been taken to put the plan into effect (compare attempts which require proximity to the full offense). For the purposes of concurrence, the actus reus is a continuing one and p ...

Including:

• Conspiracy crime - Conspiracy in English law
• Conspiracy crime - Common law residue
• Conspiracy crime - Statutory Conspiracy
• Conspiracy crime - Conspiracy in the United States

Read more here: » Conspiracy crime: Encyclopedia - Conspiracy crime

Weaver ants (genus Oecophylla) are social insects belonging to the ant family, known for their communication and nest building behaviour. They belong to the genus Oecophylla. Weaver ants are social insects that have complex bio-chemical communication and make elaborate nests out of living tree-leaves. Weaver ants are found in the tropical forests of Africa and southeast Asia. They are colored a shade of red and are known for their painful, irritating sting. Weaver ant - Complex communication in nest buildin ...

Including:

• Weaver ant - Complex communication in nest building
• Weaver ant - Emergent ant organization and artificial intelligence
• Weaver ant - Selected bibliography

Read more here: » Weaver ant: Encyclopedia - Weaver ant

Cultural studies combines sociology, social theory, literary theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in industrial societies. Cultural studies researchers often concentrate on how a particular phenomenon relates to matters of ideology, race, social class, and/or gender. Cultural studies concerns itself with the meaning and practices of everyday life. Cultural practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. Particular meanings atta ...

Including:

• Cultural studies - Overview
• Cultural studies - Approaches
• Cultural studies - Compare

Read more here: » Cultural studies: Encyclopedia - Cultural studies

Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have developed over time. Although such theories typically provide models for understanding the relationship between technologies, social structure, the values of a society, and how and why they change with time, they vary as to the extent to which the ...

Including:

• Sociocultural evolution - Overview
• Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism
• Sociocultural evolution - Development
• Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress
• Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories
• Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories
• Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution
• Sociocultural evolution - Notes

Read more here: » Sociocultural evolution: Encyclopedia - Sociocultural evolution

Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (Latin: IMP CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS ¹) (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Orthodox Christians) Saint Constantine, was proclaimed Augustus by his troops on July 25, 306 and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. Constantine is famed for his refounding of Byzantium (modern Istanbul) as "Nova Roma" (New Rome) or Constantinople (Const ...

Including:

• Constantine I emperor - Early life
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine and Christianity
• Constantine I emperor - Persian reaction
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's life and actions after the Edict of Milan
• Constantine I emperor - Later life
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legal standards
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's courts and appointees
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine's legacy
• Constantine I emperor - Legend and Donation of Constantine
• Constantine I emperor - Constantine in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia
• Constantine I emperor - Notes
• Constantine I emperor - References and further reading

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In the criminal law, corporate liability is an aspect of criminal vicarious liability and determines the extent to which a corporation as a fictitious person can be liable for the acts and omissions of the natural persons it employs. This is distinguishable from the situation in which the wording of a statutory offence specifically attaches liability to the corporation as the principal or joint principal with a human agent. Corporate liability - The concepts. The imposition of criminal liability is only one ...

Including:

• Corporate liability - The concepts
• Corporate liability - Criminal or civil controls?
• Corporate liability - Using the criminal law
• Corporate liability - Using the civil law
• Corporate liability - Criminal laws
• Corporate liability - Identification test in English law
• Corporate liability - Aggregation test in United States
• Corporate liability - A blameworthiness test
• Corporate liability - Specific issues
• Corporate liability - State immunity
• Corporate liability - Fraud
• Corporate liability - Secondary liability

Read more here: » Corporate liability: Encyclopedia - Corporate liability

Alcoholics Anonymous (known commonly as "A.A." or "AA") is a world-wide fellowship of alcoholics whose primary purpose is to stay sober and carry the message of recovery from alcoholism through the Twelve Steps. A.A. is the original twelve-step program and has been the source and model for all subsequent and separate ones, such as Gamblers Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Sexaholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, and Al-Anon/Alateen. An earlier group for alcoholics, known as the Washingtonians, fell apart when it tried to br ...

Including:

• Alcoholics Anonymous - History and development
• Alcoholics Anonymous - How the A.A. program works
• Alcoholics Anonymous - Beliefs about alcoholism
• Alcoholics Anonymous - Structure
• Alcoholics Anonymous - A.A. religion and the law
• Alcoholics Anonymous - Discussion of the Merits of A.A.
• Alcoholics Anonymous - AA's Supporters
• Alcoholics Anonymous - AA's Critics
• Alcoholics Anonymous - Literature
• Alcoholics Anonymous - Dramatic Portrayals

Read more here: » Alcoholics Anonymous: Encyclopedia - Alcoholics Anonymous