Dyson worked as an analyst for British Bomber Command during World War II. After the war, he obtained a degree in mathematics from Cambridge University (1945) and was a Fellow at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1946 to 1949. In 1947 he moved to the US, on a fellowship at Cornell University and then joined the faculty there as a physics professor in 1951. In 1953, he took up a post at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. In 1957, he became a n ...

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Freeman Dyson, Freeman Dyson - Career, Freeman Dyson - Concepts, Freeman Dyson - Personal

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The term progressive in education has been used somewhat indiscriminately; there are a number of kinds of educational progressivism, most of the historically significant kinds peaking in the period between the late 19th and the middle of the 20th centuries. Education reform - Child-study. Jean-Jacques Rousseau has been called the father of the child-study movement. ...

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Education reform, Education reform - History, Education reform - Classical times, Education reform - Modern reforms, Education reform - Reforms of classical education, Education reform - Educational economies in the 1800s, Education reform - Progressive reforms in Europe and America, Education reform - Child-study, Education reform - Transcendentalist education, Education reform - National identity, Education reform - Dewey, Education reform - The administrative progressives, Education reform - Critiques of progressive and classical reforms, Education reform - Reforms of the civil rights era in the United States, Education reform - Reforms in the 1980s, Education reform - Motivations, Education reform - School choice, Education reform - Charter schools, Education reform - Alternatives to public education, Education reform - Notable reforms, Education reform - Internationally, Education reform - Taiwan

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While the United States Constitution's First Amendment identifies the rights to assemble and to petition the government, the text of the First Amendment itself does not make specific mention of a right to association. The United States Supreme Court jurisprudence names two distinct ways in which the right may be implicated: 1. Freedom of association is recognized and may be protected as a fundamental element of personal liberty when choices to enter into and maintain certain intimate human relationships are at issue. ...

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Freedom of association, Freedom of association - United States, Freedom of association - Limitation, Freedom of association - Libertarian, Freedom of association - Workers' Freedom of Association

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The intellectual influences on and theoretical focus of the first generation of Frankfurt School critical theorists appear in the following diagram: The Institute made major contributions in two areas relating to the possibility of rational human subjects, i.e. individuals who could act rationally to take charge of their own society and their own history. The first consisted of social phenomena previously considered in Marxism as part of the "superstructure" or as ideology: personality, family and authority structures (its fir ...

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Frankfurt School, Frankfurt School - The First Phase, Frankfurt School - The Second Phase, Frankfurt School - The Third Phase, Frankfurt School - Major Frankfurt school thinkers and scholars, Frankfurt School - Critics of the Frankfurt School, Frankfurt School - Notable critics of the Frankfurt School

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See Predynastic Egypt for inventions and other significant achievements in the Sahara region before the Protodynastic Period. The art and science of engineering was present in Egypt, such as accurately determining the position of points and the distances between them (known as surveying). These skills were used to outline pyramid bases. The Egyptian pyramids took the geometric shape formed from a polygonal base and a point, called the apex, by triangular faces. Hydraulic Cement was first invented by the Egyptians. The Al Fayyum Irriga ...

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Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egypt - Geography, Ancient Egypt - People and Origins, Ancient Egypt - History, Ancient Egypt - Taxation, Ancient Egypt - Language, Ancient Egypt - Writing, Ancient Egypt - Literature, Ancient Egypt - Culture, Ancient Egypt - Ancient achievements, Ancient Egypt - Timeline, Ancient Egypt - Open problems, Ancient Egypt - Notes

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The European idea of fashion as a personal statement rather than a cultural expression begins in the 16th century: ten portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. But the local culture still set the bounds, as Albrecht Dürer recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). Fashions among upper-class Europeans began to move in synchronicity in the 18th century; though colors and patterns of textiles changed from ye ...

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Fashion, Fashion - Fashion and variation, Fashion - Fashion and the process of change, Fashion - Fashion and status, Fashion - Classification of fashions, Fashion - Further reading, Fashion - Films about fashion, Fashion - External links

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Hard science fiction used to be largely a literary genre, as the complexities of physics were initially perceived to be poorly suited to other media. This perception has been somewhat modified in the latter parts of the 20th century and early 21st century. Hard science fiction - Film. One notable early exception to the rule that hard SF is essentially a prose form is 2001: A Space Odyssey, though the movie does not present the scientific detail (from physics, computer science, and other fields) cont ...

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Hard science fiction, Hard science fiction - Hard SF authors, Hard science fiction - Hard science fiction in other media, Hard science fiction - Film, Hard science fiction - Television, Hard science fiction - Manga, Hard science fiction - Anime, Hard science fiction - Miscellaneous

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James began to be interested in Swedenborgianism around 1841, when he read some articles in London's Monthly Magazine on the subject by J.J. Garth Wilkinson, who would become one of James's closest friends. In his quest, he met and befriended Ralph Waldo Emerson, but did not find much satisfaction in Emerson's thought. Emerson introduced James to Thomas Carlyle. But it was in the work of Swedenborg that James found a spiritual home. In May 1844, while living in Windsor, in England, James was sitting alone one evening at the family din ...

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Henry James Sr., Henry James Sr. - Forebears, Henry James Sr. - Youth, Henry James Sr. - Early years, Henry James Sr. - Marriage and family life, Henry James Sr. - Swedenborgianism, Henry James Sr. - Social thought, Henry James Sr. - Theology, Henry James Sr. - Later years, Henry James Sr. - Contemporaries' view of Henry James Sr., Henry James Sr. - List of major writings, Henry James Sr. - Bibliography

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Duels could be fought with some sort of sword or, from the 18th Century on, with pistols.[2] For this end special sets of duelling pistols were crafted for the wealthiest of noblemen. After the offence, whether real or imagined, the offended party would demand "satisfaction" from the offender,[3] signalling this demand with an inescapably insulting gesture, such as hitting the offender in the face with a glove, or throwing the glove before him, hence the phrase "throwing down the gauntlet". This originates from medieval times, when a ...

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Duel, Duel - Rules, Duel - History, Duel - Prominent duels, Duel - Opposition to duelling, Duel - High level bans, Duel - Modern duels, Duel - Game-theoretic aspects of duelling, Duel - Replacements for duelling

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For the earliest stages of the Dutch language (and so its literature), the boundaries with what is now considered German are vague, and some fragments and authors are claimed for both realms. Examples include the ninth-century Wachtendonk Psalms, a West Low Franconian translation of some of the Psalms on the threshold of what is considered Dutch, and the twelfth-century poet Henric van Veldeke, who is claimed by both Dutch and German literature. The earliest literature to be indisputably ...

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Dutch literature, Dutch literature - Earliest stages 800–1550, Dutch literature - Renaissance and the Golden Age 1550–1670, Dutch literature - Decline 1670–1795, Dutch literature - The Nineteenth Century, Dutch literature - The Twentieth Century, Dutch literature - Interbellum and the Second World War 1920–1945, Dutch literature - Modern Times 1945–present

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The California Association for Human Relations Organizations (CAHRO) asserts that mainstream hate-groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and the White Aryan Resistance preach violence against racial, religious, sexual and other minorities in the USA. These groups have hate hotlines, Internet websites and chartrooms, and a hate propaganda distribution networks designed to transform the fears of the economically challenged, the paranoid and the ignorant into violence, and to brutalize minorities and vandalize their property. They further assert that ...

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Hate group, Hate group - How hate groups work, Hate group - Hate groups throughout history, Hate group - Violence by hate groups, Hate group - Verbal violence, Hate group - Psychopathology of hate groups, Hate group - Stage 1: Grouping, Hate group - Stage 2: Self-definition, Hate group - Stage 3: Disparaging the target, Hate group - Stage 4: Taunting the target, Hate group - Stage 5: Attacking without weapons, Hate group - Stage 6: Attacking with weapons, Hate group - Stage 7: Destroying the target, Hate group - Hate groups on the Internet, Hate group - Hate groups and new religious movements, Hate group - Normalization of hate groups, Hate group - Listing of hate groups, Hate group - Hate group as a label

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A dystopian society usually exhibits at least one of the following traits from the following non-exhaustive list: An apparent Utopian society, free of poverty, disease, conflict, and even unhappiness. Scratching the surface of the society, however, reveals exactly the opposite. The exact problem, the way the problem is suppressed, and the chronology of the problem forms the central conflict of the story. Social stratification, where social class is strictly defined and enforced, and social mobility is non-existent (see ...

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Dystopia, Dystopia - Common traits of a dystopian society, Dystopia - Traits of dystopian fiction, Dystopia - Depictions of dystopias in various media

Read more here: » Dystopia: Encyclopedia II - Dystopia - Common traits of a dystopian society

Ferdinand Tönnies was born into a wealthy farmer's family in Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein, then under Danish rule. He studied at the universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin, and Tübingen. He received a doctorate in Tübingen in 1877 (with a Latin thesis on the ancient Siwa Oasis). Four years later he became a private lecturer at the University of Kiel. Because he had sympathized with the Hamburg dockers' strike of 1892, the Prussian government considered him to be a social democrat, and Tönnies was not called to a professorship ...

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Ferdinand Toennies, Ferdinand Toennies - Life, Ferdinand Toennies - Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Ferdinand Toennies - Bibliography

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As from 1189, the date from which lawyers can remember what the law has been and is, English law has been described as a common law rather than a civil law system (i.e. there has been no major codification of the law, and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive). In the early centuries, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the Writ system to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law, e.g. the Law Merchant began in the Pie-Powder Cour ...

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English law, English law - Discussion, English law - Statutory framework, English law - Common law, English law - Precedent, English law - Overseas influences, English law - Statute

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Gellner's parents, Rudolf, a lawyer, and Anna, née Fantl, were both Jews from the German-speaking region of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic. The family returned to Prague, and Gellner was sent to the English-language grammar school there. This was Kafka's tricultural Prague, he told John Davis, Warden of All Souls: anti-Semitic but stunningly beautiful, a city he later spent years longing for. [3] In 1939, when he was 13 years old, the rise of Hitler in Germany persuaded his family to leave central Europe and move to St. Alba ...

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Ernest Gellner, Ernest Gellner - Background, Ernest Gellner - Words and Things, Ernest Gellner - The move to anthropology, Ernest Gellner - Nationalism, Ernest Gellner - Quotes from Gellner, Ernest Gellner - Books by Gellner

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The philosophers Saint Augustine, as well as Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant, prohibited all lying. According to all three, there are no circumstances in which one may lie. One must (unfortunately) be murdered, suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect oneself is to lie. One must (unfortunately) allow others to be murdered, to suffer torture, etc., rather than lie, if the only way to protect them is to lie. Note that each of these philosophers believed in an afterlife in which the virtuous would be rewarded. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments against lying, all compatible with each other ...

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Lie, Lie - Morality of lying, Lie - Lying distinguished from bullshitting, Lie - Etiquette of lying, Lie - Paradox of lying, Lie - Psychology of lying, Lie - Sociology and linguistics of lying, Lie - Lie detection, Lie - Representations of lie, Lie - Covering up Lies, Lie - Reference

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As from 1189, the date from which lawyers can remember what the law has been and is, English law has been described as a common law rather than a civil law system (i.e. there has been no major codification of the law, and judicial precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive). In the early centuries, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the Writ system to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law, e.g. the Law Merchant began in the Pie-Powder Cour ...

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English law, English law - Discussion, English law - Common Law, English law - Precedent, English law - Overseas influences, English law - Statute

Read more here: » English law: Encyclopedia II - English law - Common Law

Prompted by a family friend, Stephen Grellet, Fry visited Newgate prison. The conditions she saw there horrified her. The women's section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. They slept on the floor and did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept. She returned the following day with food and clothes for some of the prisoners. She was unable to further her work for nearly 4 years because of difficulties within the Fry family, including financial difficulties i ...

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Elizabeth Fry, Elizabeth Fry - Birth and family background, Elizabeth Fry - Awakening of social concern, Elizabeth Fry - Marriage and motherhood, Elizabeth Fry - Fry's prison work, Elizabeth Fry - Fry's other humanitarian work, Elizabeth Fry - Fry's Reputation, Elizabeth Fry - Reference

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Main articles: applied ethics, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]See also:

Ethics, Ethics - The first social science, Ethics - Meta-ethics, Ethics - Normative ethics, Ethics - Applied ethics, Ethics - Ethics in religion, Ethics - Ethics in health care, Ethics - Ethics in politics, Ethics - Ethics by cases, Ethics - Descriptive ethics, Ethics - The analytic view

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The European idea of fashion as a personal statement rather than a cultural expression begins in the 16th century: ten portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. But the local culture still set the bounds, as Albrecht Dürer recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). Fashions among upper-class Europeans began to move in synchronicity in the 18th century; though colors and patterns of textiles changed from ye ...

See also:

Fashion, Fashion - Fields prone to fashions, Fashion - Fashion and variation, Fashion - Fashion and the process of change, Fashion - Fashion and status, Fashion - Classification of fashions, Fashion - Further reading, Fashion - Films about fashion, Fashion - External links

Read more here: » Fashion: Encyclopedia II - Fashion - Fashion and variation

The philosophy of the Führerprinzip sees each organization as a hierarchy of leaders, where every leader (Führer, in German) has absolute responsibility in his own area, demands absolute obedience from those below him and answers only to his superiors. The supreme leader, Adolf Hitler, answered to no one. The Führerprinzip paralleled the functionality of military organizations, which continue to use a similar structure today. The justification for the civil use of the Führerprinzip was that unquestioning obedi ...

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Führerprinzip, Führerprinzip - Philosophy, Führerprinzip - Application, Führerprinzip - Comparison with other doctrines

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture. Mahabharata speaks of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Darunas etc as the fierce barbarians from Uttarapatha, Sanskrit: uttarashchapare mlechchha jana bharatasattama. || 63 || Yavanashcha sa Kamboja Daruna mlechchha jatayah. | — (MBH 6.11.63-64) and further reckons them among the sinful people, characterised by practices similar to those of chandalas and vultures i.e avaricious and greedy. e.g ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans