social relation

This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to socio ...

Including:

• Interpersonal relationship - Stages of Relationship Formation
• Interpersonal relationship - Types of interpersonal relationships
• Interpersonal relationship - Factors affecting interpersonal relationships
• Interpersonal relationship - Theories of interpersonal relationships

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In biology, psychology and sociology social behavior is behavior directed towards, or taking place between, members of the same species. Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. While many social behaviors are communication (provoke a response, or change in behaviour, without acting directly on the receiver) communication between members of different species is not social behavior. In sociology, "behavior" itself means an animal-like activity devoid of social meaning or social contex ...

Including:

• Social behavior - Gender-oriented groups

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Most generally, the accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In economics, accounting and Marxian economics, capital accumulation is often equated with investment, especially in real capital goods. But Capital accumulation can refer to either real investment in tangible means of production, or financial investment in paper assets, or investment in non-productive physical assets such as residential real estate, or "human capital accumulation," i.e., new education and trai ...

Including:

• Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model
• Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation
• Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade
• Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production
• Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction
• Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation
• Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk
• Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars
• Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation
• Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia - Capital accumulation

The discovery or establishment of common ground between individuals is a fundamental component for enduring interpersonal relationships. Loss of common ground, which may happen over time, may tend to end interpersonal relationships. For each relationship type, essential skills are needed, and without these skills more advanced relationships are not possible. Systemic coaching advocates a hierarchy or relationships, from friendship to global order. Expertise in each relationship type (in this hierarchy) requires the skills of all previous relationship ty ...

See also:

Interpersonal relationship, Interpersonal relationship - Stages of Relationship Formation, Interpersonal relationship - Types of interpersonal relationships, Interpersonal relationship - Factors affecting interpersonal relationships, Interpersonal relationship - Theories of interpersonal relationships

Read more here: » Interpersonal relationship: Encyclopedia II - Interpersonal relationship - Factors affecting interpersonal relationships

It is frequently objected by sociologists in the tradition of Max Weber that Marx paid insufficient attention to the intersubjective dimension of social relations, i.e. the meanings consciously attached by people to their social interactions. However, Marx's argument is that these subjective or intersubjective meanings permit of infinite variations, and therefore cannot be the foundation for a genuine science of society. Rather, one must begin with understanding those objective interdependencies which by necessity shape and socialise human beings, i.e. those social relations which people as so ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

New trends in capital accumulation include: financialisation (the extraordinarily strong growth of the global financial markets. This is trade in financial claims to current and future income. As a corollary, the proportion of national income which consists of interest income and rentier income increases. Modern information technology makes it possible to engage in very complex investment projects and shift funds extremely quickly from one placement to another in space and time. This increases the rotation sp ...

See also:

Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation

Constant capital can be measured as a stock magnitude, i.e., the total value of means of production in use at a specific point in time. It can also be measured as a flow magnitude, i.e., the total value of raw materials and fixed means of production used up in an accounting period. Which measure is used depends on the purposes and assumptions of one's analysis, for example whether one is interested in the unit-costs of outp ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Measurement

As mentioned, Marx never explicitly summarised his definition of capitalism, beyond some suggestive comments in manuscripts which he did not publish himself. This has led to controversies among Marxists about how to evaluate the "capitalist" nature of society in particular countries. Supporters of theories of state capitalism such as the International Socialists reject the definition of the capitalist mode of production given above. In their view, claimed to be more revolutionary (in that true liberation from capitalism must be the se ...

See also:

Capitalist mode of production, Capitalist mode of production - Basic distinctions, Capitalist mode of production - Origins, Capitalist mode of production - Defining structural criteria, Capitalist mode of production - State capitalist interpretation, Capitalist mode of production - Post-Marxist views

Read more here: » Capitalist mode of production: Encyclopedia II - Capitalist mode of production - State capitalist interpretation

The discovery or establishment of common ground between individuals is a fundamental component for enduring interpersonal relationships. Loss of common ground, which may happen over time, may tend to end interpersonal relationships. For each relationship type, essential skills are needed, and without these skills more advanced relationships are not possible. Systemic coaching advocates a hierarchy of relationships, from friendship to global order. Expertise in each relationship type (in this hierarchy) requires the skills of all previous relationship ty ...

See also:

Interpersonal relationship, Interpersonal relationship - Stages of Relationship Formation, Interpersonal relationship - Types of interpersonal relationships, Interpersonal relationship - Factors affecting interpersonal relationships, Interpersonal relationship - Theories of interpersonal relationships

Read more here: » Interpersonal relationship: Encyclopedia II - Interpersonal relationship - Factors affecting interpersonal relationships

The concept of "average profit" suggested that a process of competition and market-balancing had already established a uniform (or ruling average, or normal) profit rate previously; yet, paradoxically, what profit volumes would be (and consequently profit rates) could be established only after sales, by deducting costs from gross revenues. An output was produced before it was definitively valued in markets, yet the quantity of value produced affected the total price for which it was sold. This was a dynami ...

See also:

Prices of production, Prices of production - Basic definition, Prices of production - Two interpretations of production prices, Prices of production - Three types of production prices, Prices of production - Production prices and the transformation problem, Prices of production - Value and price, Prices of production - Facts and logic

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There have been numerous psychological and sociological studies of the motivations of investment behaviour by individuals. Most of these suggest that the propensity to accumulate capital is associated with qualities such as an intelligent understanding of property ownership, a positive attitude towards money, the ability to seize a money-making opportunity, and a desire to acquire more wealth. These are not innate or genetic qualities, but learnt through social experience. However, even if a strong motivation for enrichment exists, th ...

See also:

Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology, sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Psychology, sociology and ethics of capital accumulation

Other Marxian economists note that, at any time, most of the stock of objects of value in a society has no actual market price, because those objects are not being traded (i.e. they are withdrawn from the market); they are either being used in production or consumption activities, or else stored for later use. This can be easily verified by striking a ratio between gross product and the estimated total asset wealth of a country in money units. In other words, this stock of owned objects has, at best, an ideal price which is estimated or hypothesized (the price it ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Value and price

According to some Marxists, this type of objection cuts to the heart of the main dispute between Marx and mainstream economic theory -- their different conceptions of value. For Marx's critics, value, if it exists at all, is a technical feature of economic calculus or is simply another word for the price of a product. For Marx, however, economic value is a social attribution, which expresses a social relation between people specific to certain historical conditions. Inanimate objects can only feature in value relations as token ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Marxist response

The fact that the productive force of labour appears within capitalism as the productive force of capital was for Marx an example of reification of the relations of production or of commodity fetishism. In other words, property (a "thing") is given human powers and characteristics which it does not truly have. The fetish of capital is broken as soon as all human labour is withdrawn; then it becomes clear that the constant part of capital produces nothing and declines in value, ultimatel ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - The fetish of capital

The ratio, c/v is one measure of the organic composition of capital. As noted above, the distinction between constant and variable capital overlaps with the distinction between fixed capital and circulating capital. Constant capital has both fixed and circulating components: for example, the fixed constant capital would include a factory and the machinery in it, while the circulating constant capital would include the raw m ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Different capital compositions

In Das Kapital, Marx illustrates the concept of relations of production with reference to Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theory of colonisation: "...Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies, property in money, means of subsistence, machines, and other means of production, does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative — the wage-worker, the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free-will. He discovered that capital is not a thing, but a social relation between persons, established by the ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Illustration

A social relation can be defined, in the first instance, as a relation between individuals insofar as they belong to a group, or a relation between groups, or a relation between an individual and a group. The group could be an ethnic or kinship group, a social institution or organisation, a social class, a nation or gender etc. A social relation is therefore not simply identical with an interpersonal relation or an individual relation, although all these types of relations presuppose each other. A social relation refers ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Definitions

Critics of Marxian value theory object that this attribution of the source of value-added to labour only is arbitrary and political, not scientific. In various ingenious thought experiments, cases are presented in which constant capital appears as the only possible source of the variability of an entrepreneur's capital. Examples would be devaluations or revaluations of types of assets in response to changing demand conditions, which are influenced by price inflation. In national accounts and business accounts, for example, the change in the value of inventories held is adjusted for changes in their current market ...

See also:

Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions

Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Criticism

Combined with the productive forces, the relations of production constitute a historically specific mode of production. Karl Marx contrasts the social relations of production with the technical relations of production; in the former case, it is people (subjects) who are related, in the latter case, the relation is between people and objects in the physical world they inhabit (those objects are, in ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification

One of the theoretical problems in Marxian economics is to distinguish exactly between relations of production and relations of distribution, determining the significance of each in the allocation of resources. According to the crudest and most vulgar interpretations of Das Kapital, exploitation occurs only at the point of production. Marx himself obviously did not assert this at all, he only postulated the command o ...

See also:

Relations of production, Relations of production - Definitions, Relations of production - Illustration, Relations of production - Social/technical distinction and reification, Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution, Relations of production - Criticism of Marx's concept

Read more here: » Relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Relations of production - Relations of production and relations of distribution