smectite

Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is an important ore of aluminium and is one of three minerals that make up the rock bauxite. Bauxite is often thought of as a mineral but is really a rock composed of aluminium oxide and hydroxide minerals such as gibbsite, boehmite (AlO(OH)), and diaspore (HAlO2), as well as clays, silt, and iron oxides and hydroxides. Bauxite is a laterite, a rock formed from intense weathering environments such as foun ...

Read more here: » Gibbsite: Encyclopedia - Gibbsite

Clay is a generic term for an aggregate of hydrous silicate particles less than 4 μm (micrometres) in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water. Clays are generally formed by the chemical weathering of silicate-bearing rocks by carbonic acid, but some are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clays are distinguished from other small parti ...

Including:

• Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

Read more here: » Clay: Encyclopedia - Clay

Diamond is one of the two best known forms (or allotropes) of carbon, whose hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry (the other equally well known allotrope is graphite). Diamonds are specifically renowned as a mineral with superlative physical qualities - they make excellent abrasives because they can only be scratched by other diamonds, which also means they hold a polish extremely well and retain luster. About 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually ...

Including:

• Diamond - Material properties
• Diamond - Mechanical properties
• Diamond - Electromagnetic properties
• Diamond - Media
• Diamond - Natural history
• Diamond - Formation
• Diamond - Surfacing
• Diamond - Gemological characteristics
• Diamond - Carat
• Diamond - Clarity
• Diamond - Color
• Diamond - Cut
• Diamond - Cleaning
• Diamond - History
• Diamond - Record-holding diamonds
• Diamond - The diamond industry
• Diamond - Gem diamond industry
• Diamond - Industrial diamond industry
• Diamond - Diamond supply chain
• Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements
• Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia - Diamond

The use of diamonds as gemstones of decorative value is the most familiar use to most people today, and is also the earliest use, with decorative use of diamonds stretching back into antiquity. The dispersion of white light into a rainbow of colors, known in the trade as fire, is the other primary characteristic of gem diamonds, and has been highly prized throughout history. Over time, especially since around 1900, experts in the field of gemology have developed methods of characterizing diamonds and other gemstones based on th ...

See also:

Diamond, Diamond - Material properties, Diamond - Mechanical properties, Diamond - Electromagnetic properties, Diamond - Media, Diamond - Natural history, Diamond - Formation, Diamond - Surfacing, Diamond - Gemological characteristics, Diamond - Carat, Diamond - Clarity, Diamond - Color, Diamond - Cut, Diamond - Cleaning, Diamond - History, Diamond - Record-holding diamonds, Diamond - The diamond industry, Diamond - Gem diamond industry, Diamond - Industrial diamond industry, Diamond - Diamond supply chain, Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements, Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia II - Diamond - Gemological characteristics

Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group. All three formations of the Glen Canyon Group were laid down in the Mid to Late Triassic during a time of increasing aridity. Slightly clockwise and northward movement of the North American Plate was bringing the area into a dryer climatic belt. The direction of cross-bedding in Glen Canyon Group sand dunes suggests that prevailing winds from the north transported the sand into the region. Outcrops of the Glen Canyon Group's three formations are the most promi ...

See also:

Geology of the Capitol Reef area, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Permian events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cutler Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Kaibab Limestone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Triassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Moenkopi Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Chinle Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Jurassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - San Rafael Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Morrison Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cretaceous events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mancos Shale, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mesaverde Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Uplift and Cenozoic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Waterpocket Fold and Lake Uinta, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Volcanism, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Erosion

Read more here: » Geology of the Capitol Reef area: Encyclopedia II - Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Jurassic events

Clays are heavy in texture yet soft to the touch. Clay is a malleable substance when wet, which means it can be shaped easily with the hands. When dry, it becomes firm and when "fired," or hardened by intense heat, clay becomes permanently solid. A fireplace or oven specifically designed for hardening clay is called a kiln. These properties make clay an ideal substance for making durable pottery items, both practical and decorative, with different types of clay and firing conditions giving earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Early humans d ...

See also:

Clay, Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

Read more here: » Clay: Encyclopedia II - Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

Clays are heavy in texture yet soft to the touch. Clay is a malleable substance when wet, which means it can be shaped easily with the hands. When dry, it becomes firm and when "fired," or hardened by intense heat, clay becomes permanently solid. A fireplace specifically designed for hardening clay is called a kiln. These properties make clay an ideal subtance for making pottery, stoneware and various other practical items. Early humans discovered the useful properties of clay in prehistoric times, and one of the earliest artifacts ever unco ...

See also:

Clay, Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

Read more here: » Clay: Encyclopedia II - Clay - Historical and modern uses of clay

Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone. Early Cretaceous time brought continental deposition that was dominated by rivers to the area. Sandstones and mudstones accumulated to form the 0 to 166 foot (50.5 m) thick slope-forming Cedar Mountain Formation. The 73 foot (22 m) thick Buckhorn Conglomerate Member thins out north and east of the park and is nearly absent in it, making it difficult to distinguish the underlying Morrison from the somewhat more pastel-colored Cedar Mountain. F ...

See also:

Geology of the Capitol Reef area, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Permian events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cutler Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Kaibab Limestone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Triassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Moenkopi Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Chinle Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Jurassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - San Rafael Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Morrison Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cretaceous events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mancos Shale, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mesaverde Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Uplift and Cenozoic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Waterpocket Fold and Lake Uinta, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Volcanism, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Erosion

Read more here: » Geology of the Capitol Reef area: Encyclopedia II - Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cretaceous events

Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cutler Group. In early Permian time Utah was on a continental shelf that was occasionally covered by a shallow arm of the Panthalassa Ocean. That part of Laurasia was on a passive continental margin not unlike the current west coast of equatorial Africa. The resultant formations are part of the approximately 290 to 250 million year old Cutler Group. Utah was nearly on the paleoequator while the first formations of the Cutler Group were deposited but it had migrated nearly to 10Â ...

See also:

Geology of the Capitol Reef area, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Permian events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cutler Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Kaibab Limestone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Triassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Moenkopi Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Chinle Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Jurassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - San Rafael Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Morrison Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cretaceous events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mancos Shale, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mesaverde Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Uplift and Cenozoic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Waterpocket Fold and Lake Uinta, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Volcanism, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Erosion

Read more here: » Geology of the Capitol Reef area: Encyclopedia II - Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Permian events

Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Moenkopi Formation. Local climatic conditions were wetter and more tropical in the Early Triassic than they were previously. In the Capitol Reef area the resulting Moenkopi Formation is divided into four members (from oldest to youngest): Black Dragon Member Sinbad Limestone Member, Torrey Member, and Moody Canyon Member. Distinctive exposures of the uppermost Moenkopi are along the lower slopes of the west-facing cliffs of t ...

See also:

Geology of the Capitol Reef area, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Permian events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cutler Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Kaibab Limestone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Triassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Moenkopi Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Chinle Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Jurassic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Glen Canyon Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - San Rafael Group, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Morrison Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cretaceous events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Cedar Mountain and Dakota Sandstone, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mancos Shale, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Mesaverde Formation, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Uplift and Cenozoic events, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Waterpocket Fold and Lake Uinta, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Volcanism, Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Erosion

Read more here: » Geology of the Capitol Reef area: Encyclopedia II - Geology of the Capitol Reef area - Triassic events

Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in India, where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could then be found. The earliest written reference can be found in the Sanskrit text Arthasastra, which was completed around 296 BCE, describes diamond's hardness, luster, and dispersion. Diamonds quickly became associated with divinity, being used to decorate religious icons, and were believed to bring good fortune to those who carried them. Ownership was restricted among various castes by color, with only kings being al ...

See also:

Diamond, Diamond - Material properties, Diamond - Mechanical properties, Diamond - Electromagnetic properties, Diamond - Media, Diamond - Natural history, Diamond - Formation, Diamond - Surfacing, Diamond - Gemological characteristics, Diamond - Carat, Diamond - Clarity, Diamond - Color, Diamond - Cut, Diamond - Cleaning, Diamond - History, Diamond - Record-holding diamonds, Diamond - The diamond industry, Diamond - Gem diamond industry, Diamond - Industrial diamond industry, Diamond - Diamond supply chain, Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements, Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia II - Diamond - History

Diamond - Formation. Diamond is formed by prolonged exposure of carbon bearing materials to high pressure and temperature. On Earth, the formation of diamonds is possible because there are regions deep within the Earth that are at a high enough pressure and temperature that the formation of diamonds is thermodynamically favorable (see the diamond phase diagram and geotherms here). Under continental crust, diamonds form starting at depths of about 150 kilometers (90 miles), where pressure is roughly 5 gigapascals ...

See also:

Diamond, Diamond - Material properties, Diamond - Mechanical properties, Diamond - Electromagnetic properties, Diamond - Media, Diamond - Natural history, Diamond - Formation, Diamond - Surfacing, Diamond - Gemological characteristics, Diamond - Carat, Diamond - Clarity, Diamond - Color, Diamond - Cut, Diamond - Cleaning, Diamond - History, Diamond - Record-holding diamonds, Diamond - The diamond industry, Diamond - Gem diamond industry, Diamond - Industrial diamond industry, Diamond - Diamond supply chain, Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements, Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia II - Diamond - Natural history

The diamond industry can be broadly separated into two basically distinct categories: one dealing with gem-grade diamonds and another for industrial-grade diamonds. While a large trade in both types of diamonds exists, the two markets act in dramatically different ways. Diamond - Gem diamond industry. A large trade in gem-grade diamonds exists. Unlike precious metals such as gold or platinum, gem diamonds do not trade as a commodity: there is a substantial mark-up in the sale of diamonds, and there is not ...

See also:

Diamond, Diamond - Material properties, Diamond - Mechanical properties, Diamond - Electromagnetic properties, Diamond - Media, Diamond - Natural history, Diamond - Formation, Diamond - Surfacing, Diamond - Gemological characteristics, Diamond - Carat, Diamond - Clarity, Diamond - Color, Diamond - Cut, Diamond - Cleaning, Diamond - History, Diamond - Record-holding diamonds, Diamond - The diamond industry, Diamond - Gem diamond industry, Diamond - Industrial diamond industry, Diamond - Diamond supply chain, Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements, Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia II - Diamond - The diamond industry

See also: Crystallographic defects in diamond Diamond is a transparent crystal of pure carbon consisting of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms. Humans have been able to adapt diamonds for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Most notable among these properties are the extreme hardness of diamond, its high dispersion index, and high thermal conductivity. These properties form t ...

See also:

Diamond, Diamond - Material properties, Diamond - Mechanical properties, Diamond - Electromagnetic properties, Diamond - Media, Diamond - Natural history, Diamond - Formation, Diamond - Surfacing, Diamond - Gemological characteristics, Diamond - Carat, Diamond - Clarity, Diamond - Color, Diamond - Cut, Diamond - Cleaning, Diamond - History, Diamond - Record-holding diamonds, Diamond - The diamond industry, Diamond - Gem diamond industry, Diamond - Industrial diamond industry, Diamond - Diamond supply chain, Diamond - Synthetics simulants and enhancements, Diamond - Symbolism

Read more here: » Diamond: Encyclopedia II - Diamond - Material properties

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