Disorders of sleep are broadly classified into three groups. Dyssomnias are characterized by difficulty getting to sleep, as in primary insomnia, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that is being diagnosed with increased frequency, may be classified either as a dyssomnia or as an example of a parasomnia. The latter conditions involve bothersome awakenings during sleep, and also include bruxism and sleepwalking. The third group includes sleep disorders resulting from a number of psychiatric problems, such as bipola ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep disorders

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

Sleep - Methodology. Before advances in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, electronics and genetics were made, scientists studied the behavioral characteristics of sleep, such as its pattern, depth, and varying frequency. In more recent times, the electrical impulses generated by the brain are recorded using a device called an electroencephalograph (EEG), and individual genes relating to sleep-related brain function, such as the circadian rhythm, have been isolated. Molecular biology, medical science and epidemiology all play an ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

Sleep is the regular state of natural rest observed in all mammals, birds and fish. Sleep is not actually "unconsciousness," but rather, it is a natural state of rest characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement and decreased awareness of the surroundings. Therefore, since consciousness is literally the awareness of the surroundings, being asleep is just an altered state of consciousness, as opposed to being unconscious. It is heavily influenced by circadian rhythms, and by hormonal and environmental factors as well. Sleep ...

Including:

Sleep - Sleep physiology
Sleep - Methodology Sleep - Sleep regulation Sleep - Stages of sleep
Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep Sleep - Dreaming Sleep - Sleep deprivation Sleep - Sleep disorders Sleep - Animal sleep Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better Sleep - Drugs and sleep
Sleep - Sleep aiding Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia - Sleep

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is a physical barrier between the blood vessels in the central nervous system, and most parts of the central nervous system itself, that stops many substances from traveling across it. Blood-brain barrier - History. The existence of such a barrier was first noticed in experiments by Paul Ehrlich in the late 19th century. Ehrlich was a bacteriologist who was studying s ...

Including:

Blood-brain barrier - History Blood-brain barrier - Physiology Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain Blood-brain barrier - Diseases affecting the blood-brain barrier
Blood-brain barrier - Multiple sclerosis MS Blood-brain barrier - Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness Blood-brain barrier - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML Blood-brain barrier - Other diseases

Read more here: » Blood-brain barrier: Encyclopedia - Blood-brain barrier

Hypnosis is popularly understood to be a psychological condition in which an individual may be induced to exhibit apparent changes in behaviour, thought or affect - in particular an alteration in perception or memory. Although some individuals experience an increase in suggestibility and subjective feelings of relaxation, this is not true for everyone as it has been demonstrated that relaxation is not necessary for a hypnotic experience. The procedure by which this i ...

Including:

Hypnosis - Definitions
Hypnosis - American Psychological Association Hypnosis - Dave Elman Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions Hypnosis - Michael Yapko
Hypnosis - History Hypnosis - Theories
Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory Hypnosis - State theory Hypnosis - Non-state theory Hypnosis - Role-playing theory Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory Hypnosis - Informational theory Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct
Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects
Hypnosis - General methods Hypnosis - General effects
Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications
Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis Hypnosis - Dental Application Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth Hypnosis - Forensic Application Hypnosis - Mass Application Hypnosis - Stage Application Hypnosis - Indirect Application Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign
Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities
Hypnosis - Professional associations Hypnosis - Governmental authorities Hypnosis - Historical sites
Hypnosis - Popular culture
Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia - Hypnosis

A delta wave is a large, slow brain wave associated with deep sleep. Delta waves are present only in stage-three sleep, stage-four sleep, cases of brain injury and coma. During sleep, delta waves are not present in the other stages (1, 2, and REM). See Slow Wave Sleep See also. Electroencephalography Theta wave Alpha wave SMR Beta wave Gamma wave ...

Read more here: » Delta wave: Encyclopedia - Delta wave

Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep characterized by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. During this stage, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that during waking hours. Most of the vividly recalled dreams occur during REM sleep. It is the lightest form of sleep, and people awakened during REM usually feel alert and refreshed. REM sleep is so physiologically different from the other phases of sleep that ...

Including:

Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals Rapid eye movement - History Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia - Rapid eye movement

Ultradians are the regular recurrence in cycles of less than 24 hours from one stated point to another, as certain biologic activities which occur at such intervals, regardless of conditions of illumination. Commonly used in sleep research to describe individual stages of sleep that occur within intervals of an organisms circadian rhythm. Associated with hormonal release, heartbeat, appetite and thermo-regulation. Rhythmic release of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) involved in appetite stim ...

Read more here: » Ultradian: Encyclopedia - Ultradian

The existence of such a barrier was first noticed in experiments by Paul Ehrlich in the late 19th century. Ehrlich was a bacteriologist who was studying staining, used for many studies to make fine structures visible. Some of these dyes, notably the aniline dyes that were then popular, would stain all of the organs of an animal except the brain when injected. At the time Ehrlich attributed this to the ...

See also:

Blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - History, Blood-brain barrier - Physiology, Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain, Blood-brain barrier - Diseases affecting the blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - Multiple sclerosis MS, Blood-brain barrier - Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness, Blood-brain barrier - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML, Blood-brain barrier - Other diseases

Read more here: » Blood-brain barrier: Encyclopedia II - Blood-brain barrier - History

The existence of such a barrier was first noticed in experiments by Paul Ehrlich in the late-19th century. Ehrlich was a bacteriologist who was studying staining, used for many studies to make fine structures visible. Some of these dyes, notably the aniline dyes that were then popular, would stain all of the organs of an animal except the brain when injected. At the time Ehrlich attributed this to the ...

See also:

Blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - History, Blood-brain barrier - Physiology, Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain, Blood-brain barrier - Diseases affecting the blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - Multiple sclerosis MS, Blood-brain barrier - Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness, Blood-brain barrier - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML, Blood-brain barrier - Other diseases

Read more here: » Blood-brain barrier: Encyclopedia II - Blood-brain barrier - History

Throughout the body, the capillaries (the smallest of the blood vessels) are made up of endothelial cells separated by small gaps. This allows chemicals in solution to pass into the blood stream, where they can be carried about the body, and subsequently pass out of the blood stream. In the brain, these endothelial cells are packed much tighter together, due to the existence of zonula occludentes (tight junctions) between them, blocking the passage of most molecules. The blood-brain barrier blocks all molecules except those that cross cell m ...

See also:

Blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - History, Blood-brain barrier - Physiology, Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain, Blood-brain barrier - Diseases affecting the blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - Multiple sclerosis MS, Blood-brain barrier - Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness, Blood-brain barrier - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML, Blood-brain barrier - Other diseases

Read more here: » Blood-brain barrier: Encyclopedia II - Blood-brain barrier - Physiology

A major challenge for treatment of most brain disorders is overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain. In its neuroprotective role, the blood-brain barrier functions to hinder the delivery of many potentially important diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. Therapeutic molecules and genes that might otherwise be effective in diagnosis and therapy do not cross the BBB in adequate amounts. Mechanisms for drug targeting in the brain involve going either "through" or "behind" the B ...

See also:

Blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - History, Blood-brain barrier - Physiology, Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain, Blood-brain barrier - Diseases affecting the blood-brain barrier, Blood-brain barrier - Multiple sclerosis MS, Blood-brain barrier - Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness, Blood-brain barrier - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML, Blood-brain barrier - Other diseases

Read more here: » Blood-brain barrier: Encyclopedia II - Blood-brain barrier - Drugs targeting the brain

Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy. Main article: Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy is a term to describe the use of hypnosis in a therapeutic context. Many hypnotherapists refer to their practice as "clinical work." Hypnotherapy can either be used as an addition to the work of licensed physicians or psychologists, or it can be used in a stand-alone environment where the hypnotherapist in question usually owns his or her own business. The majority of certified hypnotherapists (C.Hts in the US, Diploma.Hyp ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications

The exact psychological state of a subject in hypnosis is unclear, and its very existence and effects are strongly debated. The following are some of the more popular theories on the phenomena of hypnosis: Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria. Charcot postulated that hypnosis was a symptom of hysteria and that only those people experiencing hysteria were believed to be hypnotizable.[3] Although those exhibiting hysteria seem to be more suggestible, normal individuals are, indeed, hypnotizable w ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Theories

Much research has been conducted into the nature and effects of hypnosis and suggestion, and hypnosis continues to be a popular (if somewhat peripheral) tool in contemporary Psychological research. A number of different strands of hypnosis research are apparent: that which examines the 'state' of hypnosis itself, that which examines the effects and properties of suggestions in and out of hypnosis, and that which uses hypnotic suggestion as a tool to r ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis

Hypnosis - General methods. The act of inducing a hypnotic state is referred to as an induction procedure. There is no current consensus on what the requirements are for an induction procedure to be effective; while some practitioners use simple calming verbal techniques, others use complex triggers, including mechanical devices (see Michael Robinson's Self-Hypnosis Learning or Licensed Online Counseling, page 45). Many experienced hypnotists claim that they can hypnotize almost anyone. They also cl ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects

Several types of organizations exist to further the professionalism and regulation of practicing hypnotists. For example, professional associations typically offer opportunities for collegial exchanges and professional development in general and/or specialized areas of hypnosis. They also may establish codes of conduct and standards for various certification programs. They may offer such certification programs directly or approve third-party programs. Organizations not aff ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities

The notion of hypnotism has elicited many presentations in popular culture. Intrinsically, the notion that people are succeptible to commands outside their conscious control can be an effective way of representing the notion of the fallible narrator. Hypnosis - Fictional treatments. The typical uses of hypnotism in fiction concentrate on one of the major abilities of hypnotism. As mentioned in the introduction, hypnotism can be used to: Recollect knowledge Take command of a subject Implant suggestions that the subject will ob ...

See also:

Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Definitions, Hypnosis - American Psychological Association, Hypnosis - Dave Elman, Hypnosis - Physiological: Alpha and Theta State-based Definitions, Hypnosis - Michael Yapko, Hypnosis - History, Hypnosis - Theories, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a state of hysteria, Hypnosis - Hypnosis as a conditioned process leading to sleep, Hypnosis - Dissociation and neodissociation theories, Hypnosis - Altered state of consciousness theory, Hypnosis - State theory, Hypnosis - Non-state theory, Hypnosis - Role-playing theory, Hypnosis - Hypersuggestibility theory, Hypnosis - Informational theory, Hypnosis - Hypnotism as a social construct, Hypnosis - Research on Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Methodologies and Effects, Hypnosis - General methods, Hypnosis - General effects, Hypnosis - Hypnosis Applications, Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy, Hypnosis - Clinical Hypnosis, Hypnosis - Self-hypnosis, Hypnosis - Dental Application, Hypnosis - Obstetric Application Painless Childbirth, Hypnosis - Forensic Application, Hypnosis - Mass Application, Hypnosis - Stage Application, Hypnosis - Indirect Application, Hypnosis - Objective Signs of the Hypnotic State: Breuer's Absent Pupillary Reflex Sign, Hypnosis - Professional associations and governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Professional associations, Hypnosis - Governmental authorities, Hypnosis - Historical sites, Hypnosis - Popular culture, Hypnosis - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » Hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - Hypnosis - Popular culture

Changes in life style, such as shift work change (SWC), can contribute to sleep disorders. Other problems that can affect sleep: Back problems Neck problems Sciatica Incontinence Various drugs - Many drugs can affect the ratio of the various stages of sleep, thus affecting the overall quality of sleep. Poor sleep can lead to accumulation of Sleep debt. A sleep diary can be used to help diagnose, and measure improvements in sleep disorders. According to Dr. William Dement, of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores ...

See also:

Sleep disorder, Sleep disorder - Common sleep disorders, Sleep disorder - Broad classifications of sleep disorders, Sleep disorder - Common causes of sleep disorders

Read more here: » Sleep disorder: Encyclopedia II - Sleep disorder - Common causes of sleep disorders