Animals vary widely in their amounts of sleep, from 2 hours a day for giraffes to 20 hours for bats. Generally, required sleeping time decreases as body size increases. Cats are one of the few animals that do not have most of their sleep consolidated into one session, preferring instead to spread their sleep fairly evenly throughout the day. Water mammals "sleep" with alternate hemispheres of their brains asleep and the other awake. They need to do this so they can breathe above water while sleeping. Migrat ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Animal sleep

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

Sleep - Methodology. Before advances in the fields of neurology, neuroscience, electronics and genetics were made, scientists studied the behavioral characteristics of sleep, such as its pattern, depth and varying frequency. In more recent times, the electrical impulses generated by the brain are recorded using a device called an electroencephalograph (EEG), and individual genes relating to sleep-related brain function, such as the circadian rhythm, are isolated. Molecular biology, medical science and epidemiology all play an ...

See also:

Sleep, Sleep - Sleep physiology, Sleep - Methodology, Sleep - Sleep regulation, Sleep - Stages of sleep, Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep, Sleep - Dreaming, Sleep - Sleep deprivation, Sleep - Sleep disorders, Sleep - Animal sleep, Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better, Sleep - Drugs and sleep, Sleep - Sleep aiding, Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia II - Sleep - Sleep physiology

Sleep is the regular state of natural rest observed in all mammals, birds and fish. Sleep is not actually "unconsciousness," but rather, it is a natural state of rest characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement and decreased awareness of the surroundings. Therefore, since consciousness is literally the awareness of the surroundings, being asleep is just an altered state of consciousness, as opposed to being unconscious. It is heavily influenced by circadian rhythms, and by hormonal and environmental factors as well. Sleep ...

Including:

• Sleep - Sleep physiology
• Sleep - Methodology
• Sleep - Sleep regulation
• Sleep - Stages of sleep
• Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep
• Sleep - Dreaming
• Sleep - Sleep deprivation
• Sleep - Sleep disorders
• Sleep - Animal sleep
• Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better
• Sleep - Drugs and sleep
• Sleep - Sleep aiding
• Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia - Sleep

Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep characterized by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. During this stage, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that during waking hours. Most of the vividly recalled dreams occur during REM sleep. It is the lightest form of sleep, and people awakened during REM usually feel alert and refreshed. REM sleep is so physiologically different from the other phases of sleep that ...

Including:

• Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals
• Rapid eye movement - History
• Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia - Rapid eye movement

Being awake is a metabolic state which is marked by catabolic processes and which is characterized by consciousness, the opposite of sleep, an anabolic process. Communication, ambulation, and ingestion are conducted while awake. Animals can run, walk and eat while awake; humans can also talk, listen, write, read, and productively think and work in the awake state. Awake - Other meanings. To be "awakened" can refer to being taken out of a state of believing something which one subsequently ...

Including:

• Awake - Other meanings

Read more here: » Awake: Encyclopedia - Awake

A blanket is a type of bedding — generally a rectangular piece of cloth that will keep a person or animal warm, especially while they sleep. Blankets are distinguished from sheets by their thickness and purpose; the thickest sheet is still thinner than the lightest blanket, because blankets are for warmth, while sheets are for hygiene, comfort and aesthetics. Blankets are subdivided into many types, including quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or fill material ...

Including:

• Blanket - External link

Read more here: » Blanket: Encyclopedia - Blanket

Chronobiology is a field of science that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms. "Chrono" pertains to time and "biology" pertains to the study, or science, of life. Chronobiology - Description. The variations of the duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc), and (b) in plants (leaf movements, photsynthetic reactions ...

Including:

• Chronobiology - Description
• Chronobiology - History
• Chronobiology - Other fields
• Chronobiology - Research publications
• Chronobiology - External articles

Read more here: » Chronobiology: Encyclopedia - Chronobiology

The Celebes Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as Crested Black Macaque or the Black "Ape", is an Old World monkey that lives in the northeast of the Indonesian island Sulawesi (Celebes) as well as on smaller neighboring islands. Celebes Crested Macaques are diurnal rain forest dwellers. They sleep and search for food in trees, but socialize and spend most of their time on the ground. They live in groups of 5 to 25 animals. Smaller groups have only a single male, while larger groups have up to four ...

Read more here: » Celebes Crested Macaque: Encyclopedia - Celebes Crested Macaque

Broken Sword is an adventure game series created by Revolution Software. The game series revolves around the adventures of George Stobbart and Nicole Collard in fictitious stories based on history and mythology. The first two games in the series are controlled by a traditional point-and-click interface that the player uses to interact with the cartoon animated backdrops. The third game is based on a 3D graphics engine that the player operates through a direct control system. Broken Sword - Broken Sword: The Shadow of the ...

Including:

• Broken Sword - Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars
• Broken Sword - Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror
• Broken Sword - Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon
• Broken Sword - Broken Sword: The Angel of Death Broken Sword 4
• Broken Sword - Technical information

Read more here: » Broken Sword: Encyclopedia - Broken Sword

Courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as man has lived in constructed dwellings. The earliest known courtyard houses were built in India and China and date as far back as 3000 BC. Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. Before courtyards, open fires were kept burning in a central place within a home, with only a small hole in the ceiling overh ...

Including:

• Courtyard - Historic use of courtyards
• Courtyard - Comparison of courtyard houses throughout the world
• Courtyard - Relevance to the architecture of today
• Courtyard - Examples of courtyards

Read more here: » Courtyard: Encyclopedia - Courtyard

Ulrich Stern is a character from the French animated television series Code: Lyoko. Ulrich Stern - Description. Ulrich is the silently strong introvert of Team Lyoko. He is 13 years old, 5.12' and weighs 99.2 pounds. On Earth, Ulrich wears a jersey with a vest over it and and he wears cargo pants over his legs, all varying shades of green. His shoes are white. At night, he wears a white jersey and green shorts when he goes to sleep. Ulrich's Lyoko attire is somewhat modeled after a sam ...

Including:

• Ulrich Stern - Description
• Ulrich Stern - Ulrich's Weapons and Capacities Inside Lyoko
• Ulrich Stern - Voice actor information

Read more here: » Ulrich Stern: Encyclopedia - Ulrich Stern

The function of REM sleep is not well understood; several theories have been advanced. According to one theory, certain memories are consolidated during REM sleep. Numerous studies have suggested that REM sleep is important for consolidation of procedural and spatial memories. (Slow Wave Sleep, part of non-REM sleep, appears to be important for declarative memories). However, in people that have no RE ...

See also:

Rapid eye movement, Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals, Rapid eye movement - History, Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia II - Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep

Physiologically, certain neurons in the brain stem, known as REM sleep-on cells (located in the pontine tegmentum), are particularly active during REM sleep, and are probably responsible for its occurrence. The release of certain neurotransmitters, the monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine), is completely shut down during REM. This causes REM atonia, a state in which the motor neurons are not stimulated and thus the body's muscles don't move. The lack of REM atonia causes REM Behavior Disord ...

See also:

Rapid eye movement, Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals, Rapid eye movement - History, Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia II - Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep

mesmerism (animal magnetism, magnetic healing): Form of hypnotism named after Franz Anton Mesmer (c. 1734-1815), a Viennese physician who had planned to become a cleric. (Writers also refer to Mesmer as Franciscus Antonius Mesmer, Franz Antoine Mesmer, and Friedrich Anton Mesmer.)

Mesmer coined the expression animal magnetism to refer to his concept of a mysterious, magnetic vital fluid that

(a)           permeated the universe and

(b)           was the agent whereby he induced hypnosis (mesmeric sleep) in patients.

He principled that an imbalance between animal magnetism within the body and animal magnetism in the environment caused many illnesses. Use of animal magnetism characterizes mesmerism, which survives only partially, as Magnetic healing

(See also: Mesmerism, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

History of hypnosis - Indian & Egyptian sleep temples. "Hypnotism as therapy seems to have originated among the Hindus, who often took their sick to the temples to be cured by hypnotic suggestion or 'temple-sleep,' as in Egypt and Greece. The Englishmen who introduced hypnotherapy into England —Braid, Esdaile and Elliotson—'undoubtedly got their ideas, and some of their experience, from contact with India”. (Will Durant; ‘Story of Civilization’). India, represented in their book, the Law of Manu, wh ...

See also:

History of hypnosis, History of hypnosis - Pre-History, History of hypnosis - Indian & Egyptian sleep temples, History of hypnosis - Magnets and Other Healing Objects, History of hypnosis - Paracelsus and Magnet healing, History of hypnosis - Valentine Greatrakes and Johann Joseph Gassner, History of hypnosis - Father Maximilian Hell, History of hypnosis - Franz Anton Mesmer and Animal Magnetism, History of hypnosis - French Revolution in 1789 and oriental hypnosis of Abbe Faria, History of hypnosis - Marquis de Puységur and somnambulism, History of hypnosis - Récamier, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Medical Research, History of hypnosis - James Braid and Hypnotism, History of hypnosis - John Elliotson, History of hypnosis - James Esdaile in India, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Psychological Studies, History of hypnosis - Jean-Martin Charcot, History of hypnosis - Holy See of 1847, History of hypnosis - American Civil War, History of hypnosis - Ambroise-Auguste Liébault, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1892, History of hypnosis - Emile Coué and the Laws of Suggestion, History of hypnosis - Modern Applications, History of hypnosis - Platanov Pavlov and Russian Applications, History of hypnosis - Sigmund Freud Joseph Breuer and Hypnotherapy, History of hypnosis - Hypnosis in World War I World War II and the Korean War, History of hypnosis - Clark Hull, History of hypnosis - Andrew Salter, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1955, History of hypnosis - André Weitzenhoffer and Ernest Hilgard, History of hypnosis - American Medical Association Approval 1958, History of hypnosis - Recent Innovators and Current Applications, History of hypnosis - Milton Erickson and Authortarian vs. Permissive styles, History of hypnosis - Dave Elman, History of hypnosis - Ormond McGill, History of hypnosis - Jeffery Zeig

Read more here: » History of hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - History of hypnosis - Pre-History

The Walt Disney Productions animated feature Sleeping Beauty was released on January 29, 1959 by Buena Vista Distribution, and was at the time of its release the most expensive animated feature ever made. Disney spent nearly a decade working on the film, which was produced in the Super Technirama 70 widescreen 70 mm film process with a stereophonic soundtrack. Its musical score and songs are adapted from Tchaikovsky's ballet, with gothic-inspired character and background designs by painter Eyvind Earle. This tale includes three good f ...

See also:

Sleeping Beauty, Sleeping Beauty - Perrault's narrative, Sleeping Beauty - Part one, Sleeping Beauty - Part two, Sleeping Beauty - Sleeping Beauty in music, Sleeping Beauty - Walt Disney's Sleeping Beauty, Sleeping Beauty - Sources, Sleeping Beauty - Myth themes, Sleeping Beauty - Uses of Sleeping Beauty

Read more here: » Sleeping Beauty: Encyclopedia II - Sleeping Beauty - Walt Disney's Sleeping Beauty

History of hypnosis - James Braid and Hypnotism. The evolution of Mesmer's ideas and practices led James Braid (1795-1860) to coin the term and develop the procedure known as hypnosis in 1842. Popularly titled the "Father of Modern Hypnotism", Braid rejected Mesmer's idea of magnetism inducing hypnosis, and ascribed the creation of the 'mesmeric trance' to a physiological process—the prolonged attention on a bright moving object or similar object of fixation. He postulated that "protracted ocular fixation ...

See also:

History of hypnosis, History of hypnosis - Pre-History, History of hypnosis - Indian & Egyptian sleep temples, History of hypnosis - Magnets and Other Healing Objects, History of hypnosis - Paracelsus and Magnet healing, History of hypnosis - Valentine Greatrakes and Johann Joseph Gassner, History of hypnosis - Father Maximilian Hell, History of hypnosis - Franz Anton Mesmer and Animal Magnetism, History of hypnosis - French Revolution in 1789 and oriental hypnosis of Abbe Faria, History of hypnosis - Marquis de Puységur and somnambulism, History of hypnosis - Récamier, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Medical Research, History of hypnosis - James Braid and Hypnotism, History of hypnosis - John Elliotson, History of hypnosis - James Esdaile in India, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Psychological Studies, History of hypnosis - Jean-Martin Charcot, History of hypnosis - Holy See of 1847, History of hypnosis - American Civil War, History of hypnosis - Ambroise-Auguste Liébault, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1892, History of hypnosis - Emile Coué and the Laws of Suggestion, History of hypnosis - Modern Applications, History of hypnosis - Platanov Pavlov and Russian Applications, History of hypnosis - Sigmund Freud Joseph Breuer and Hypnotherapy, History of hypnosis - Hypnosis in World War I World War II and the Korean War, History of hypnosis - Clark Hull, History of hypnosis - Andrew Salter, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1955, History of hypnosis - André Weitzenhoffer and Ernest Hilgard, History of hypnosis - American Medical Association Approval 1958, History of hypnosis - Recent Innovators and Current Applications, History of hypnosis - Milton Erickson and Authortarian vs. Permissive styles, History of hypnosis - Dave Elman, History of hypnosis - Ormond McGill, History of hypnosis - Jeffery Zeig

Read more here: » History of hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Medical Research

History of hypnosis - Platanov Pavlov and Russian Applications. Russian medicine has had extensive experience with obstetric hypnosis. Platanov, in the 1920s, became well known for his hypno-obstetric successes. Impressed by this approach, Stalin later set up a nationwide program headed by Velvoski, who originally combined hypnosis with Pavlov techniques but eventually used the later almost exclusively. Ferdinand Lamaze, having visited Russia, brought back to France "childbirth without pain through the psychological method," which ...

See also:

History of hypnosis, History of hypnosis - Pre-History, History of hypnosis - Indian & Egyptian sleep temples, History of hypnosis - Magnets and Other Healing Objects, History of hypnosis - Paracelsus and Magnet healing, History of hypnosis - Valentine Greatrakes and Johann Joseph Gassner, History of hypnosis - Father Maximilian Hell, History of hypnosis - Franz Anton Mesmer and Animal Magnetism, History of hypnosis - French Revolution in 1789 and oriental hypnosis of Abbe Faria, History of hypnosis - Marquis de Puységur and somnambulism, History of hypnosis - Récamier, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Medical Research, History of hypnosis - James Braid and Hypnotism, History of hypnosis - John Elliotson, History of hypnosis - James Esdaile in India, History of hypnosis - Beginnings of Formal Psychological Studies, History of hypnosis - Jean-Martin Charcot, History of hypnosis - Holy See of 1847, History of hypnosis - American Civil War, History of hypnosis - Ambroise-Auguste Liébault, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1892, History of hypnosis - Emile Coué and the Laws of Suggestion, History of hypnosis - Modern Applications, History of hypnosis - Platanov Pavlov and Russian Applications, History of hypnosis - Sigmund Freud Joseph Breuer and Hypnotherapy, History of hypnosis - Hypnosis in World War I World War II and the Korean War, History of hypnosis - Clark Hull, History of hypnosis - Andrew Salter, History of hypnosis - British Medical Association Approval 1955, History of hypnosis - André Weitzenhoffer and Ernest Hilgard, History of hypnosis - American Medical Association Approval 1958, History of hypnosis - Recent Innovators and Current Applications, History of hypnosis - Milton Erickson and Authortarian vs. Permissive styles, History of hypnosis - Dave Elman, History of hypnosis - Ormond McGill, History of hypnosis - Jeffery Zeig

Read more here: » History of hypnosis: Encyclopedia II - History of hypnosis - Modern Applications

Toei Animation's Titles The Legend of Shen Long The Sleeping Princess in the Devil's Castle Mystical Great Adventure The Path to Ultimate Strength (10th Anniversary Special) FUNimation's Titles Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power (10th Anniversary Special) Public Service VideosSee also:

Dragon Ball original series, Dragon Ball original series - Cast List, Dragon Ball original series - Sagas, Dragon Ball original series - Movies & Other, Dragon Ball original series - Openings & Endings, Dragon Ball original series - Censorship, Dragon Ball original series - Creative Changes, Dragon Ball original series - Video games

Read more here: » Dragon Ball original series: Encyclopedia II - Dragon Ball original series - Movies & Other