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Sino-Roman relations | A Wisdom Archive on Sino-Roman relations | | Sino-Roman relations A selection of articles related to Sino-Roman relations | |
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Marco Polo, Marco Polo - <i>Il Milione</i>, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - The journey to <i>Cathay</i>, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Radhanites, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubruck, Odoric of Pordenone, Ibn Battuta, Sino-Roman relations, Foreign relations of imperial China, List of people on stamps of Ireland
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Sino-Roman relations | | | |  Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Preceding HistoryThe rapid growth of Roman commerce with ancient China likely would not have been possible without two major preceding developments, first by Alexander the Great and the ancient Greeks, and second by the spread of embassies of the Han Dynasty into Central and Western Asia.
Sino-Roman relations - Development of Trade Links.
The first major step in opening trade links between the East and the West came with the expansion of Alexander the Great deep into Central Asia, as far as the Fergana Valley at the border ...
See also:Sino-Roman relations, Sino-Roman relations - Preceding History, Sino-Roman relations - Development of Trade Links, Sino-Roman relations - Zhang Qian's embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Chinese silk in the Roman Empire, Sino-Roman relations - Castaways, Sino-Roman relations - Roman soldiers in the East, Sino-Roman relations - The expedition of Ban Chao, Sino-Roman relations - First Roman embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies, Sino-Roman relations - Notes Read more here: » Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Preceding History |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo The Polo name originally didn't belong to a family of explorers but to a family of traders. Marco Polo's father, Niccolò (also Nicolò in Venetian) and his uncle, Maffeo (also Maffio), were prosperous merchants who traded with the East. They were partners with a third brother, named Marco il vecchio (the Elder).
In 1259, the two brothers lived in the Venetian quarter of Constantinople, where they enjoyed political privileges and tax relief because of their country’s role in establishing the Latin Empire in the Fourth ...
See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Seres - Classical accounts The first accounts of the Seres, of disputed authenticity, seem to be those by the Greek historian Ctesias in the 5th century BCE, in which he refers to them as "people of portentous stature and longevity."
Seres - Strabo circa 20 CE.
The Greek geographer Strabo mentioned the Seres in his "Geographia", written early in the 1st century, in two passages. He also alludes to the longevity of the Seres, said to exceed two hundred years, and quotes from "some writers":
"Onesicritus ... expatiates ...
See also:Seres, Seres - Classical accounts, Seres - Strabo circa 20 CE, Seres - Pomponius Mela 50 CE, Seres - Pliny the Elder, Seres - Ptolemy ca 150 CE Read more here: » Seres: Encyclopedia II - Seres - Classical accounts |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Il Milione On their return from China in 1295, the family settled in Venice where they became a sensation and attracted crowds of listeners who had difficulties in believing their reports of distant China. According to a late tradition, since they did not believe him, Marco Polo invited them all to dinner one night during which the Polos dressed in the simple clothes of a peasant in China. Shortly before the crowds ate, the Polos opened their pockets to reveal hundreds of rubies and other jewels ...
See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Il Milione |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco
Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay.
Maffeo and Niccolò Polo set out on a second journey with the Pope's response to Kublai Khan, in 1271. This time Niccolò took his son Marco.
Marco Polo - The service to the Khan.
When Marco Polo arrived at Kublai Khan's court he became a favorite of the Khan and was employed for 17 years.
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See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place? According to a famous story, a priest begged Marco on his deathbed to confess that he had lied in his stories. Marco refused, insisting, "I have not told half of what I saw!". This anecdote is an example of the skepticism that welcomed Marco's tales during his life.
In recent times, while most historians believe Marco Polo did reach China, some have proposed he did not get that far and only retold information he had heard from others. Those skeptics point out that among other omissions, his account fails to mention Chinese writing, ch ...
See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place? |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Historical impact Although the Polos were by no means the first Europeans to reach China overland (see, for example, Radhanites and Giovanni da Pian del Carpine), thanks to Marco's book their trip was the first to be widely known, and the best-documented until then.
Marco Polo's description of the Far East and its riches inspired Christopher Columbus decision to try to reach those lands by a western route. A heavily annotated copy of P ...
See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Historical impact |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Later life Marco Polo was finally released from captivity in the summer of 1299, and he returned home to Venice, where his father and uncles had bought a large house in the central quarter named contrada San Giovanni Grisostomo with the company's profits.
The company continued its activities, and Marco was now a wealthy merchant. While he personally financed other expeditions, he would never leave Venice again. In 1300, he married Donata Badoer, a woman from an old, respected patrician family. Marco would have three children with her: Fantina, Bellela and Moreta. All o ...
See also:Marco Polo, Marco Polo - The voyage of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, Marco Polo - The voyages of Marco, Marco Polo - The journey to Cathay, Marco Polo - The service to the Khan, Marco Polo - The return to Europe, Marco Polo - Il Milione, Marco Polo - Later life, Marco Polo - Did the trip really take place?, Marco Polo - Historical impact Read more here: » Marco Polo: Encyclopedia II - Marco Polo - Later life |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Origins
Silk Road - Cross-continental travel.
As accomplished waterway shipping and domestication of efficient pack animals both increased the capacity for prehistoric peoples to carry heavier loads over greater distances, cultural exchanges and trade developed rapidly. For example, shipping in predynastic Egypt was already established by the 4th millennium BC along with domestication of the donkey, with the dromedary possibly having been domesticated as well. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for means of transport then follo ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Origins |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Mongol era The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1215 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road (vis-à-vis Karakorum). In the late 13th century, a Venetian explorer named Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in Il Milione. He was followed by numerous Christian missionnaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Andrew of Longjumeau, Odoric ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Mongol era |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road Many artistic influences transited along the Silk Road, especially through the Central Asia, where Hellenistic, Iranian, Indian and Chinese influence were able to intermix. In particular Greco-Buddhist art represent one of the most vivid examples of this interaction.
The image of the Buddha, originating during the 1st century CE in northern India (areas of Gandhara and Mathura) was transmitted progressively through Central Asia and China until it reached Korea in the 4th century CE and Japan in the 6th century CE. However the ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia The disappearance of the Silk Road following the end of the Mongols was one of the main factors that stimulated the Europeans to reach the prosperous Chinese empire through another route, especially by the sea. Tremendous profits were to be obtained for anyone who could achieve a direct trade connection with Asia.
When he went West in 1492, Christopher Columbus reportedly wished to create yet another Silk Route to China. It was allegedly one of the great disappointments of western nations to have found ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk Soon after the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, regular communications and trade between India, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, China, the Middle East, Africa and Europe blossomed on an unprecedented scale. Land and maritime routes were closely linked, and novel products, technologies and ideas began to spread across the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. Intercontinental trade and communication became regular, organised, and protected by the 'Great Powers.' Intense trade with the Roman Empire followed soon, confirmed by the Roman craze for ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges Notably, the Buddhist faith and the Greco-Buddhist culture started to travel eastward along the Silk Road, penetrating in China from around the 1st century BC.
The Kushan empire, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, was located at the center of these exchanges. They fostered multi-cultural interaction as indicated by their 2nd century treasure hoards filled with products from the G ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests The first major step in opening the Silk Road between the East and the West came with the expansion of Alexander the Great deep into Central Asia, as far as Ferghana at the borders of the modern-day Xinjiang region of China, where he founded in 329 BC a Greek settlement in the city of Alexandria Eschate "Alexandria The Furthest", Khujand (also called Khozdent or Khojent — formely Leninabad), in the state of Tajikistan.
When Alexander the Great’s successors, the Ptolemies, took control of Egypt in 323 BC, they began to actively pro ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia
Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE.
The next step came around 130 BC, with the embassies of the Han Dynasty to Central Asia, following the reports of the ambassador Zhang Qian (who was originally sent to obtain an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiong-Nu, in vain). The Chinese emperor Wudi became interested in developing commercial relationship with the sophisticated urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia: “The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: Ferghana (Dayuan) and the posse ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes Read more here: » Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies Other embassies may have been sent after this first encounter, but were not recorded, until an account appears about presents allegedly sent in the early 3rd century by the Roman Emperor to the Emperor Taitsu of the Kingdom of Wei (reigned 227–239) in Northern China. The presents consisted of articles of glass in a variety of colours. While several Roman Emperors ruled during this time, the embassy may have been sent by Alexander Severus; since ...
See also:Sino-Roman relations, Sino-Roman relations - Preceding History, Sino-Roman relations - Development of Trade Links, Sino-Roman relations - Zhang Qian's embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Chinese silk in the Roman Empire, Sino-Roman relations - Castaways, Sino-Roman relations - Roman soldiers in the East, Sino-Roman relations - The expedition of Ban Chao, Sino-Roman relations - First Roman embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies, Sino-Roman relations - Notes Read more here: » Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies |
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| | | | Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies Other embassies may have been sent after this first encounter, but were not recorded, until an account appears about presents sent in the early 3rd century by the Roman Emperor to the Emperor Taitsu of the Kingdom of Wei (reigned 227–239) in Northern China. The presents consisted of articles of glass in a variety of colours. While several Roman Emperors ruled during this time, the embassy, if genuine, may have been sent by Alexander Severus; since ...
See also:Sino-Roman relations, Sino-Roman relations - Preceding History, Sino-Roman relations - Development of Trade Links, Sino-Roman relations - Zhang Qian's embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Chinese silk in the Roman Empire, Sino-Roman relations - Castaways, Sino-Roman relations - Roman soldiers in the East, Sino-Roman relations - The expedition of Ban Chao, Sino-Roman relations - First Roman embassy, Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies, Sino-Roman relations - Notes Read more here: » Sino-Roman relations: Encyclopedia II - Sino-Roman relations - Other Roman embassies |
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More material related to Sino-roman Relations can be found here:
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