The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by the Prime Ministers of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United Kingdom (UK) governments on December 19, 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on May 27, 1985 and was registered by the PRC and UK governments at the United Nations on June 12, 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the PRC Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New T ...

See also:

Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Background, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - The talks, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Before the war of words, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Negotiations began, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - British concession, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Migration tide, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Sino-British Joint Declaration, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Views of the Kowloon Walled City, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Views of Rennie's Mill, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Drafting of Basic Law, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - The Rose Garden Project, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Localisation of top government officials, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - The last governor, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - The first chief executive, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - The transfer of sovereignty - the handover, Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Bibliography

Read more here: » Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong: Encyclopedia II - Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong - Sino-British Joint Declaration

The Joint Declaration is unlike an agreement made within a state, and the involvement of the UN creates obligations that internationalize the status of Hong Kong. The Joint Declaration is, therefore, not a private agreement between the PRC and the UK, but an international one. International treaties are concluded between states, not within a state, and are usually not needed to be registered with the ...

See also:

Sino-British Joint Declaration, Sino-British Joint Declaration - United Nations Involvement, Sino-British Joint Declaration - Background, Sino-British Joint Declaration - Commentaries, Sino-British Joint Declaration - Acknowledgement, Sino-British Joint Declaration - Aftermath

Read more here: » Sino-British Joint Declaration: Encyclopedia II - Sino-British Joint Declaration - United Nations Involvement

1984 - January. January 1 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state. January 1 - AT&T is broken up into 24 independent units. January 5 - Richard Stallman starts developing GNU. January 7 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). January 9 - Clara Peller is featured in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's for the first time. January 10 - The United States and the Va ...

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1984, 1984 - Events, 1984 - January, 1984 - February, 1984 - March, 1984 - April, 1984 - May, 1984 - June, 1984 - July, 1984 - August, 1984 - September, 1984 - October, 1984 - November, 1984 - December, 1984 - Unknown dates, 1984 - Births, 1984 - January-April, 1984 - May-August, 1984 - September-December, 1984 - Deaths, 1984 - January-April, 1984 - May-August, 1984 - September-December, 1984 - Nobel Prizes, 1984 - Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1984 - Fictional references

Read more here: » 1984: Encyclopedia II - 1984 - Events

The Right Honourable Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925), is a British politician. She was the leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, and has been the only woman to hold either post. Her premiership was the longest since Lord Liverpool's tenure between 1812 and 1827. Undoubtedly one of the most significant British politicians in recent political history, she is a ...

Including:

• Margaret Thatcher - Early life and education
• Margaret Thatcher - Political career between 1950 and 1970
• Margaret Thatcher - In Heath's Cabinet
• Margaret Thatcher - As Leader of the Opposition
• Margaret Thatcher - As Prime Minister
• Margaret Thatcher - 1979–1983
• Margaret Thatcher - 1983–1987
• Margaret Thatcher - 1987–1990
• Margaret Thatcher - Fall from power
• Margaret Thatcher - Post-political career
• Margaret Thatcher - Legacy
• Margaret Thatcher - Family life
• Margaret Thatcher - Titles and honours
• Margaret Thatcher - Titles from birth
• Margaret Thatcher - Honours

Read more here: » Margaret Thatcher: Encyclopedia - Margaret Thatcher

A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (almost exclusively Great Britain and Northern Ireland). However, the term "crown colony" is still utilised when referring to the Falkland Islands, British Antarctic Territory, and Gibraltar. Overseas territories should be distinguished from crown dependencies (such as the Channel ...

Including:

• British overseas territory - Stages of colonial evolution
• British overseas territory - UN Resolution 1514
• British overseas territory - Current overseas territories
• British overseas territory - Former crown colonies

Read more here: » British overseas territory: Encyclopedia - British overseas territory

The Xinhua News Agency (Simplified: 新华社; Traditional: 新華社; Hanyu Pinyin: xīn huá shè), or NCNA (New China News Agency), is the official press agency of the government of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in the PRC. It is one of the two news agencies in mainland China, the other being the China News Service, and is among the premier world news agencies. Xinhua is an institution of the State Council of China. Critics of Xinhua therefore consi ...

Including:

• Xinhua News Agency - History
• Xinhua News Agency - Xinhua and the internal media
• Xinhua News Agency - Xinhua in Hong Kong
• Xinhua News Agency - Previous directors of Hong Kong Xinhua
• Xinhua News Agency - Xinhua in Macau
• Xinhua News Agency - Xinhua online

Read more here: » Xinhua News Agency: Encyclopedia - Xinhua News Agency

1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 1984 - Events. 1984 - January. January 1 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state. January 1 - AT&T is broken up into 24 independent units. January 5 - Richard Stallman starts developing GNU. January 7 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). January 9 - Clara Peller is fea ...

Including:

• 1984 - Events
• 1984 - January
• 1984 - February
• 1984 - March
• 1984 - April
• 1984 - May
• 1984 - June
• 1984 - July
• 1984 - August
• 1984 - September
• 1984 - October
• 1984 - November
• 1984 - December
• 1984 - Unknown dates
• 1984 - Births
• 1984 - January-April
• 1984 - May-August
• 1984 - September-December
• 1984 - Deaths
• 1984 - January-April
• 1984 - May-August
• 1984 - September-December
• 1984 - Nobel Prizes
• 1984 - Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
• 1984 - Fictional references

Read more here: » 1984: Encyclopedia - 1984

A treaty is a binding agreement under international law concluded by subjects of international law, namely states and international organizations. Treaties can be called by many names: treaties, international agreements, protocols, covenants, conventions, exchanges of letters, exchanges of notes, etc.; however all of these are equally treaties, and the rules are the same regardless of what the treaty is called. Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves ...

Including:

• Treaty - Vienna Convention
• Treaty - Consequences of terminology
• Treaty - Bilateral and multilateral treaties
• Treaty - Reservations
• Treaty - Execution and implementation
• Treaty - Interpretation
• Treaty - Invalidation
• Treaty - Ultra vires treaties
• Treaty - Misunderstanding fraud corruption coercion
• Treaty - Peremptory norms
• Treaty - Ending treaty obligations
• Treaty - Withdrawal
• Treaty - Suspension and termination
• Treaty - Treaties and indigenous peoples
• Treaty - Role of the United Nations
• Treaty - United States law

Read more here: » Treaty: Encyclopedia - Treaty

Centuries: 20th century - 21st century - 22nd century Decades: 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s - 2040s - 2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Years: 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 - 2047 -2048 2049 The year 2047 (MMXLVII) in the Gregorian Calendar corresponds to 5907-5908 in the Hebrew Calendar. Planned/Predicted Events July 1 - The present "One country two systems", with Hong Kong, guaranteed for 50 years starting from July 1, 1997, provided under the Basic Law, will be over. (The agreem ...

Read more here: » 2047: Encyclopedia - 2047

Even though Hong Kong has been occupied since the Neolithic Age, the area now known as Hong Kong has been an important trading region, and also a significant strategic location for the Chinese mainland since the Mongol invasions of the Tang and Song dynasties. After that, the attention of Hong Kong fell, and only began to attract the attention of China again and the rest of the world in the 19th century when it was ceded to Britain after the Opium Wars. Hong Kong was first visited by a European in 1513, the Portuguese mariner Jorge Álvares. Álvares began trading with the Chinese, and the Portuguese continued to make periodic trade stops at var ...

See also:

Hong Kong, Hong Kong - History, Hong Kong - Politics and government, Hong Kong - Legal system and judiciary, Hong Kong - Geography, Hong Kong - Administrative divisions, Hong Kong - Economy, Hong Kong - Demographics, Hong Kong - Education, Hong Kong - Culture, Hong Kong - Religion, Hong Kong - Architecture, Hong Kong - Transport, Hong Kong - Military, Hong Kong - International rankings, Hong Kong - Footnotes

Read more here: » Hong Kong: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong - History

Though Hong Kong has been inhabited since the Neolithic Age, the area now known as Hong Kong was an important trading region, and also a significant strategic location for the Chinese mainland during the Tang and Song dynasties and the subsequent Mongol invasion. After that, the prominence of Hong Kong fell, and only began to attract the attention of China again and the rest of the world in the 19th century when it was ceded to Britain after the Opium Wars. Hong Kong was first visited by a European in 1513, the Portuguese mariner Jorge Álva ...

See also:

Hong Kong, Hong Kong - History, Hong Kong - Politics and government, Hong Kong - Legal system and judiciary, Hong Kong - Geography, Hong Kong - Administrative divisions, Hong Kong - Economy, Hong Kong - Demographics, Hong Kong - Education, Hong Kong - Culture, Hong Kong - Religion, Hong Kong - Architecture, Hong Kong - Transport, Hong Kong - Military, Hong Kong - International rankings, Hong Kong - Footnotes

Read more here: » Hong Kong: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong - History

Sacred Heart Cathedral of Guangzhou - Sai Kung - San Da - Sangokushi - Saisiyat - Sakya - Salar - Salween River - Sally Yeh - Samjeondo Monument - Sammi Cheng - Sampan - Samguk Sagi - Sammo Hung - Samson Chiu - San Min Chu I - Sanguo Zhi - Sanjiang - SARS virus - Science and technology in China - Scripture for Humane Kings - Seal script - Second Manchu expedition to Korea - Second Opium War - Secretariat of the Communist Party of China - Self-Strengthening Movement - Senkaku Islands - Seven Little Fortunes - Seven Yea ...

See also:

List of China-related topics M-Z, List of China-related topics M-Z - M, List of China-related topics M-Z - N, List of China-related topics M-Z - O, List of China-related topics M-Z - P, List of China-related topics M-Z - Q, List of China-related topics M-Z - R, List of China-related topics M-Z - S, List of China-related topics M-Z - T, List of China-related topics M-Z - U, List of China-related topics M-Z - V, List of China-related topics M-Z - W, List of China-related topics M-Z - X, List of China-related topics M-Z - Y, List of China-related topics M-Z - Z

Read more here: » List of China-related topics M-Z: Encyclopedia II - List of China-related topics M-Z - S

Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins. As Hong Kong was established as a free trading port in 1841, there was no local currency existing for everyday circulation. Foreign currencies such as Indian rupees, Spanish and Mexican 8 Reales, Chinese cash coins and British currency were employed as substitutes. Coins particularly issued for Hong Kong did not appear until 1863 when the first regal coins of Hong Kong, i.e. coins with the portrait or Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch, were issued. They were produced by the Royal Mint, London and comprised the silver ten cent, the bronze one cent and ...

See also:

Hong Kong dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Overview, Hong Kong dollar - Terminology, Hong Kong dollar - Slang Terms, Hong Kong dollar - History, Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins, Hong Kong dollar - Silver trade dollars, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong Dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Japanese Military Yen, Hong Kong dollar - Currencies for handover, Hong Kong dollar - New designs, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong coinage, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong banknotes, Hong Kong dollar - Linked Exchange Rate System, Hong Kong dollar - Historical exchange rates

Read more here: » Hong Kong dollar: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong dollar - History

Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins. As Hong Kong was established as a free trading port in 1841, there was no local currency existing for everyday circulation. Foreign currencies such as Indian rupees, Spanish and Mexican 8 Reales, Chinese cashcoins and British currency were employed as substitutes. Coins particularly issued for Hong Kong did not appear until 1863 when the first regal coins of Hong Kong, i.e. coins with the portrait or Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch, were issued. They were produced by the Royal Mint, London and comprised the silver ten cent, the bronze one cent and ...

See also:

Hong Kong dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Overview, Hong Kong dollar - Terminology, Hong Kong dollar - Slang Terms, Hong Kong dollar - History, Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins, Hong Kong dollar - Silver trade dollars, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong Dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Japanese Military Yen, Hong Kong dollar - Currencies for handover, Hong Kong dollar - New designs, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong coinage, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong banknotes, Hong Kong dollar - Linked Exchange Rate System, Hong Kong dollar - Historical exchange rates

Read more here: » Hong Kong dollar: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong dollar - History

Human rights in Hong Kong - Sino-British Joint Declaration. Under the Annex I (Section XI) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, it stated that: The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall protect the rights and freedoms of inhabitants and other persons in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region according to law. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government shall maintain the rights and freedoms as provided for by the laws previously in force in Hong Kong, including freed ...

See also:

Human rights in Hong Kong, Human rights in Hong Kong - Legal Basis, Human rights in Hong Kong - Sino-British Joint Declaration, Human rights in Hong Kong - Basic Law, Human rights in Hong Kong - Bill of Rights Ordinance, Human rights in Hong Kong - Freedom of demonstration, Human rights in Hong Kong - Police brutality and accountability, Human rights in Hong Kong - Alleged and confirmed police brutality, Human rights in Hong Kong - Accountability of Hong Kong Police Force, Human rights in Hong Kong - Identity cards, Human rights in Hong Kong - Capital punishment, Human rights in Hong Kong - Special Branch, Human rights in Hong Kong - National security and Article 23 of Basic Law

Read more here: » Human rights in Hong Kong: Encyclopedia II - Human rights in Hong Kong - Legal Basis

He joined the civil service in January 1967, and he has held positions in many different government departments, ranging from finance and trade to policies relating to the transfer of Hong Kong's sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China. From 1981 to 1982 Tsang studied in the United States, where he completed a Master's degree in Public Administration from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He has also received honorary doctorates from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Polytechn ...

See also:

Donald Tsang, Donald Tsang - Early life, Donald Tsang - Civil service, Donald Tsang - Serving as acting chief executive, Donald Tsang - Chief Executive Election Campaign, Donald Tsang - Early Days of His Term, Donald Tsang - Political Reform Crisis, Donald Tsang - Trivia, Donald Tsang - External link

Read more here: » Donald Tsang: Encyclopedia II - Donald Tsang - Civil service

In 1984, Deng Xiaoping proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation talks with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the New Territories (including New Kowloon) of Hong Kong to Britain was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in the talks with Portugal over Macau. The principle is that upon reunification, despite the practice of socialism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, which were formerly colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively, can continue to practice capitalism under ...

See also:

One country two systems, One country two systems - Hong Kong and Macau, One country two systems - Framework, One country two systems - Implementation, One country two systems - Taiwan

Read more here: » One country two systems: Encyclopedia II - One country two systems - Hong Kong and Macau

1984 - January. January 1 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state. January 1 - AT&T is broken up into 24 independent units. January 5 - Richard Stallman starts developing GNU. January 7 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). January 9 - Clara Peller is featured in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's for the first time. January 10 - The United States and the Va ...

See also:

1984, 1984 - Events, 1984 - January, 1984 - February, 1984 - March, 1984 - April, 1984 - May, 1984 - June, 1984 - July, 1984 - August, 1984 - September, 1984 - October, 1984 - November, 1984 - December, 1984 - Unknown dates, 1984 - Births, 1984 - January, 1984 - February, 1984 - March, 1984 - April, 1984 - May, 1984 - June, 1984 - July, 1984 - August, 1984 - September, 1984 - October, 1984 - November, 1984 - December, 1984 - Deaths, 1984 - January-April, 1984 - May-August, 1984 - September-December, 1984 - Nobel Prizes, 1984 - Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1984 - Fictional references

Read more here: » 1984: Encyclopedia II - 1984 - Events

Concern with the legislation has arisen because of the authoritarian regime in the People's Republic of China: the new law invokes concepts of "treason" against the PRC in certain circumstances. Critics claim that this will erode freedom of speech rights. Suspicions have been exacerbated by the refusal of the government to issue a White Bill on the legislation, causing groups such as Amnesty International to declare that it "has grave concerns about the proposals in the government's consultation document and the lack of a draft White Bill wh ...

See also:

Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Background, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Positions, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Concerns, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Debate, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Timeline, Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Aftermath

Read more here: » Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23: Encyclopedia II - Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 - Positions

The growth of the British Empire in the early 18th century to its peak in the 1920s, saw the UK acquire over one quarter of the world's land mass. These territories were classed as colonies, and ruled by a Governor appointed by the British Government. Eventually some of the larger colonies began to achieve degrees of independence, with Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa obtaining dominion status in the 1920s, and achieving legislative independence with the Statute of Westminster 1931. After World War II, the Empire gradually tra ...

See also:

Overseas territory of the United Kingdom, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - History, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Current overseas territories, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Government, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Head of State, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Government, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Foreign Affairs, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Citizenship, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Military, Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - Symbols and insignita

Read more here: » Overseas territory of the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Overseas territory of the United Kingdom - History