Simulacrum

Simulacrum (plural: simulacra), from the Latin simulare, "to make like, to put on an appearance of", originally meaning a material object representing something (such as an idol representing a deity, or a painted still-life of a bowl of fruit). By the 1800s it developed a sense of a "mere" image, an empty form devoid of spirit, and descended to connote a specious or fallow representation. In the book Simulacra and Simulation (1981/1995), the French social theorist Jean Baudrillard gave the term a specific m ...

Including:

• Simulacrum - Science fiction and fantasy literature
• Simulacrum - Occult uses
• Simulacrum - See Also
• Simulacrum - Simulacra in art

Read more here: » Simulacrum: Encyclopedia - Simulacrum

Another usage, so far specific to Fantasy and Science Fiction is the android that is specifically intended to impersonate another creature (usually a human being). Many stories that include Simulacra share several common themes: Simulacra are always imperfect copies. Simulacra are distinguishable from the original, because they are based on an idealized form of that which was copied. There is a desire on the part of the Simulacrum to either be more like the original (i. ...

See also:

Simulacrum, Simulacrum - Science fiction and fantasy literature, Simulacrum - Occult uses, Simulacrum - See Also, Simulacrum - Simulacra in art

Read more here: » Simulacrum: Encyclopedia II - Simulacrum - Science fiction and fantasy literature

An icon (from Greek εἰκών, eikon, "image") is an image, picture, or representation; it is a sign or likeness that stands for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in semiotics; in computers an icon is a symbol on the monitor used to signify a command; by extension, icon is also used, particularly in modern popular culture, in the general sense of symbol — i.e. a name, face, picture or even a person readily recognized as having some well-known s ...

Including:

• Icon - Images in religion
• Icon - Icons in Christianity
• Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430
• Icon - The Iconoclast Period
• Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions
• Icon - Icons in Russia
• Icon - Icon traditions in other regions
• Icon - The Protestant Reformation
• Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity
• Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons
• Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint
• Icon - Eikon in the New Testament
• Icon - Icons in Hinduism

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A doppelgänger is the ghostly double of a living person, adapted from German Doppelgänger (look-alike). The word comes from doppel meaning "double" and Gänger translated as "goer". The term has, in the vernacular, come to refer to any double of a person, most commonly in reference to a so-called evil twin, or to bilocation: Somewhere, in a parallel universe, your evil twin exists. Identical to you in every physical attribute, its mind is twisted, evil and hell-bent on destruction; it is everything you ...

Including:

• Doppelgänger - Famous reports of the Doppelgänger phenomenon
• Doppelgänger - Emilie Sagée
• Doppelgänger - The doppelgänger phenomenon in popular culture
• Doppelgänger - Literature
• Doppelgänger - Film
• Doppelgänger - Television
• Doppelgänger - Other media

Read more here: » Doppelgänger: Encyclopedia - Doppelgänger

A body double is a general term for someone who substitutes for the credited actor of a character in any recorded visual medium, whether videotape or film. The term is most commonly used in the context of head-to-toe (or nearly) shots involving nudity. For example, Catherine Bell served as a nude body double for Isabella Rossellini in the movie Death Becomes Her. More specific terms are often used in special cases; a stunt double is used for dangerous or sophisticated sequences. Stunt double and body double can both be used for cases where special skills are needed—anyth ...

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Hyperreality is significant as a paradigm to explain the American cultural condition. Consumerism, because of its reliance on sign exchange value (e.g. brand X shows that one is fashionable, car Y indicates one's wealth), is the contributing factor in creating hyperreality. Hyperreality tricks the consciousness into detaching from any real emotional engagement, instead opting for artificial simulation, and endless reproductions of fundamentally empty appearance. Essentially, fulfillment or happiness is found through simulation ...

See also:

Hyperreality, Hyperreality - Introduction, Hyperreality - The birth of a hyperreality, Hyperreality - Significance of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Definitions of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Examples of hyperreality

Read more here: » Hyperreality: Encyclopedia II - Hyperreality - Significance of hyperreality

Doppelgänger - Literature. Bram Stoker's novel Dracula Heine's poem Der Doppelgänger famously adapted to music by Franz Schubert Poe's short story William Wilson Nabokov's novel Lolita Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Oscar Wilde's novella Dorian Gray Dostoyevsky's The Double Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy Jorge Luis Borges' The Book of SandSee also:

Doppelgänger, Doppelgänger - Famous reports of the Doppelgänger phenomenon, Doppelgänger - Emilie Sagée, Doppelgänger - The doppelgänger phenomenon in popular culture, Doppelgänger - Literature, Doppelgänger - Film, Doppelgänger - Television, Doppelgänger - Other media

Read more here: » Doppelgänger: Encyclopedia II - Doppelgänger - The doppelgänger phenomenon in popular culture

Christianity originated as a movement within Judaism during a time when there was great concern about idolatry. There is no evidence of the making and use of painted icons or of similar religious images by Christians within the New Testament writings. However, Eastern Orthodox theologian Rev. Dr. Steven Bigham writes (Early Christian Attitudes Toward Images, Orthodox Research Institute, 2004), "The first thing to note is that there is a total silence about Christian and non-idolatrous images. It is important to note that the si ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icons in Christianity

See article: Romanian icons In Romania, icons painted as reversed images on glass and set in frames were common in the 19th century and are still made. "In the Transylvanian countryside, the expensive icons on panels imported from Moldavia, Wallachia, and Mt. Athos were gradually replaced by small, locally produced icons on glass, which were much less expensive and thus accessible to the Transylvanian peasants..." (Romanian Icons on Glass, Dancu, Juliana and Dumitru Dancu, Wayne State University Press, 1982). The Egyptian Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Churc ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icon traditions in other regions

Consumer objects have a sign exchange value, which means that they indicate something about the owner in the context of a social system (see Baudrillard). For example, a king who wears a crown uses the crown as a sign to indicate that he is king. Fundamentally, sign exchange values have no inherent meaning or value beyond what is agreed upon. As sign exchange values become more numerous, interaction becomes increasingly based upon things with no inherent meaning. Thus, reality becomes ...

See also:

Hyperreality, Hyperreality - Introduction, Hyperreality - The birth of a hyperreality, Hyperreality - Significance of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Definitions of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Examples of hyperreality

Read more here: » Hyperreality: Encyclopedia II - Hyperreality - The birth of a hyperreality

Hyperrealism is a symptom of postmodern culture. Hyperreality does not "exist" or "not exist." It is simply a way of describing the information to which the consciousness is subject. Most aspects of hyperreality can be thought of as "reality by proxy." Baudrillard in particular suggests that the world we live in has been replaced by a copy world, where we seek simulated stimuli and nothing more. Baudrillard borrows, from Borges, the example of a society whose cartographers create a map so detailed that it covers the very things ...

See also:

Hyperreality, Hyperreality - Introduction, Hyperreality - The birth of a hyperreality, Hyperreality - Significance of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Definitions of hyperreality, Hyperreality - Examples of hyperreality

Read more here: » Hyperreality: Encyclopedia II - Hyperreality - Introduction

The Greek word eikon means an image or likeness of any kind. Anything that represents something else is an eikon. Nothing is implied about sanctity or its absence, or veneration or its absence by the word itself. The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures used by the early Christians, and Eastern Orthodox consider it the only authoritative text of those Scriptures. In it the word eikon is used for everything from man being made in the divine image to the "molten idol" placed by Manasses in th ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint

Icons are used particularly in Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern-rite Catholic churches. The Eastern Orthodox view of the origin of icons is quite different from that of some secular scholars and from some in contemporary Roman Catholic circles: "The Orthodox Church maintains and teaches that the sacred image has existed from the beginning of Christianity" (Leonid Ouspensky, Theology of the Icon," St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1978). Accounts that some non-Orthodox writers consider legends ar ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons

Main article: Iconoclasm There was a continuing opposition to misuse of images within Christianity from very early times. "Whenever images threatened to gain undue influence within the church, theologians have sought to strip them of their power" (Belting, Hans; Likeness and Presence, Chicago and London, 1994). Further,"there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church (Kitzinger, Ernst; The Cult of Images in the Age b ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - The Iconoclast Period

After the legalization of Christianity under Constantine, and its adoption as the Roman state religion under Theodosius I, Christian art began to change not only in quality and sophistication, but also in nature. This was in no small part due to Christians being free for the first time to express their faith openly without persecution from the state, in addition to the faith spreading to the non-poor segments of society. Paintings of martyrs and their feats began to appear, and early writers commented on their lifelike effect, one of the ele ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430

Main article: Russian icons Russian icons are typically paintings on wood, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol, the "red" or "beautiful" corner. There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the nave is typically separated from the sanctuary by an iconostasis (Rus ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icons in Russia

Icons are used particularly among Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Coptic and Eastern-rite Catholic populations. The icon painting tradition developed in Byzantium, with Constantinople as the chief city. Few icons from early Constantinople have survived, first because of the Iconoclastic reforms during which many were destroyed, second because of plundering by Venetians in 1204 during the Crusades, and finally the taking of the city by the Islamic Turks in 1453. Still, both some panel paintings and mosaics, etc. still exist. Early ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions

In Romania, icons painted as reversed images on glass and set in frames were common in the 19th century and are still made. "In the Transylvanian countryside, the expensive icons on panels imported from Moldavia, Wallachia, and Mt. Athos were gradually replaced by small, locally produced icons on glass, which were much less expensive and thus accessible to the Transylvanian peasants..." (Romanian Icons on Glass, Dancu, Juliana and Dumitru Dancu, Wayne State University Press, 1982). The Egyptian Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Churc ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icon traditions in other regions

The abundant use and veneration historically accorded images in the Roman Catholic Church was a point of contention for Protestant reformers, who varied in their attitudes toward images. In the consequent religious struggles many statues were removed from churches, and there was also destruction of images in some cases. Though followers of Zwingli and Calvin were more severe in their rejection, Lutherans tended to be moderate with many of there parishes having displays of statues and crucifixes. A joint Lutheran-Orthodox statement in Helsinki reaffirmed the Ecumenical Council decisions on ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - The Protestant Reformation

Today attitudes can vary even from church to church within a given denomination, whether Catholic or Protestant. Protestants generally use religious art for teaching and for inspiration, but such images are not venerated as in Orthodoxy, and many Protestant church sanctuaries contain no imagery at all. After the Second Vatican Council declared in the 1960s that the use of statues and pictures in churches should be moderate, most statuary was removed from many Catholic Churches. Eastern Orthodoxy, however, continues to give such strong ...

See also:

Icon, Icon - Images in religion, Icon - Icons in Christianity, Icon - Images from Constantine to Justinian 337-430, Icon - The Iconoclast Period, Icon - Icons in Greek-speaking regions, Icon - Icons in Russia, Icon - Icon traditions in other regions, Icon - The Protestant Reformation, Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity, Icon - Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic teaching about Icons, Icon - Eikon in the Septuagint, Icon - Eikon in the New Testament, Icon - Icons in Hinduism

Read more here: » Icon: Encyclopedia II - Icon - Icons and images in contemporary Christianity